Epidemiology Of Eye And Vision Disorders Flashcards
(39 cards)
____ of world popoulation are visually impaired
3.4%
Aged of blind worldwide
More likely to be blind if you are above age 60
Prevalence of blindness in the world
More prevalent in African countries and Asia and South America
Trend of global visual impairment prevalence
- 80% of all visual impairment is preventable
- in the past 25 years, global visual impairment has decreased
- increased socioeconimic development
- concerted public health action
- increased availability of eye care services
- awareness of the general population to vision care services
Uncorrected refractive errors in the world
53%
World wide cause of modern to severe visual impairment
Uncorrected refractive errors (53%) In-operated cataracts ARMD Glaucoma DR
Worldwide causes of blindness
CATARACTS (48%) glaucoma AMD Corneal opacity DR Childhood blindness Trachoma
Trachoma
- caused by bacterial/intracellular parasite CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Different strain than adult inclusion conjunctivitis (not an STD). Seen in crowded living conditions with poor sanitation
- direct transmission-women and kids and kids and kids-discharge from eyes or nose. Hands, towels, clothing can be reservoirs. FLIES can act as VECTORS by transferring the bacteria from eye infected to uninflected host
- once ENDEMIC to North America and Europe, now in developing countries
Signs of trachoma
- follicular conjunctivitis
- conjunctival scarring
- cicatricial entropion, trichiasis
- corneal scarring
Mexico and trachoma
- in state of Chiapas endemic in 246 communities
- 1800 CASES IN 2004, 0 IN 2017
- SAFE: surgery, Abx, facial cleanliness, environmental improvement
Blindness and preventable ness
- 90% of worlds blind live in developing countries
- 80% of global blindness result of 5 preventable or treatable conditions:
Refractive error Cataract Trachoma Onchocerciasis (RIVER BLINDNESS) Vitamin A deficiency
Onchocerciasis
- cased by PARASITIC WORM onchocerca volvulus, inserted into host by BLACKFLY BITE (VECTOR)
- fly develops in FLOWING WATER
- Second most common cause of infectious blindness to trachoma
- LARVAL FORM LIVES IN SKIN AND EYE
- ocular effects (ant seg more common): keratitis, uveitis, chorio-retinitis, glaucoma
- prevention-aerial spraying to kill vector
- treatment-ivermectin (PO) kills larvae
Countries with onchocerciasis
South America, Brazil (most common)
Africa
Children blindness worldwide
- 1,4mill kids 0-14 years old ar blind-BVA in better eye less than 3/60
- THIS PREVALENCE NUMBER IS LOW BECAUSE BLIND CHIDLREN DIE YOUNGER THAN THOSE WHO ARE SIGHTED. Over 60% thought to die within a year of becoming blind
- > 12mill children ages 5-15 visually impaired due to incrreocted refractive errors
- LEADING CAUSE OF CHILDHOOD BLINDNESS-VITAMIN A DEFICEINCY
Vit A deficiency
- problem for pregnant women as well as children
- ASSOCIATED WITH MEASLES
- many ocualr manifestations: night blindness (rhodopsin), xerophthalmia (DRY EYES)
- XErophthlamia: bitot spots (build up of keratin on bulbar conjunctiva), keratomalacia (corneal ulceration and necrosis)
World wide map of vit A deficiency
Most common in Africa, Central Asia, India, Mexico
US blindness
- LEGAL BLINDNESS-20/200 best corrected or <20 degrees of VF in the better seeing eye
- 1.3 MILLION PERSONS with legal blindness (0.5%)
- 20% of legally blind individuals have logistical perception or worse
- 14 million people with low vision
NEI data
National eye institute, in collaboration with worlds leading epidemiologists and Prevent Blindness America estimated prevalence rates of major eye disease in US based on 2010 US census
Prevalence rates of cataracts by age and race in 2010 in US
Increase in prevalence among all groups over 40
Seems to be a higher rate of whites starting around age 70
Cases of cataracts in 2000 and 2010
Higher in 2010 by 4 million more
-population also increased in this time period as well
Projections for cataract in 2030 and 2050 in millions
All races will increase over the time
Prevalence rates for DR by age and race
- Increased in all races over time (percentages, not actual individuals)
- the highest after 49 age range is significantly HISPANICS
2010 US prevalent cases of DR by gender
About equal
Projections for DR in 2030 and 2050 (in millions)
- this is not percentages, this is millions of people
- overall, all races increase over time
- whites stay the same from 2030-2050
- highest is whites, because there is a greater number of whites than the other groups in US
- Hispanics is really higher for number in population over time
