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Epidemo Flashcards

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1
Q

Q: What is the definition of health according to WHO?

A

A: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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2
Q

Q: What are the core functions of public health?

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A: Assessment, policy development, and assurance.

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3
Q

Q: What is the difference between public health and clinical medicine?

A

A: Public health focuses on populations, while clinical medicine focuses on individual patients.

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4
Q

Q: What are the three levels of disease prevention?

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A: Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

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5
Q

Q: What is community diagnosis?

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A: The identification and quantification of health problems in a community to define those at risk or in need of health care.

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6
Q

Q: What is epidemiology?

A

A: The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.

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7
Q

Q: What are the two basic assumptions of epidemiology?

A

A: 1) Human diseases do not occur at random. 2) Human diseases have causal and preventive factors.

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8
Q

Q: What is the difference between descriptive and analytic epidemiology?

A

A: Descriptive epidemiology describes the distribution of disease, while analytic epidemiology analyzes determinants of disease.

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9
Q

Q: What is the epidemiological triad?

A

A: A model that includes the agent, host, and environment as factors in disease causation.

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10
Q

Q: What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

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A: Incidence measures new cases, while prevalence measures all existing cases.

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11
Q

Q: What is a ratio?

A

A: A quotient of two numbers where the numerator is not necessarily part of the denominator.

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12
Q

Q: What is a proportion?

A

A: A quotient of two numbers where the numerator is part of the denominator.

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13
Q

Q: What is a rate?

A

A: A measure of the occurrence of an event over time.

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14
Q

Q: What is the formula for prevalence?

A

A: (Number of cases / Total population) x 100.

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15
Q

Q: What is the formula for incidence rate?

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A: (Number of new cases / Total person-time at risk) x 1000.

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16
Q

Q: What is a cross-sectional study?

A

A: A study that measures exposure and outcome at the same time.

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17
Q

Q: What is a case-control study?

A

A: A study that compares cases (diseased) with controls (non-diseased) to identify risk factors.

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18
Q

Q: What is a cohort study?

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A: A study that follows a group of people over time to observe outcomes.

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19
Q

Q: What is the difference between retrospective and prospective cohort studies?

A

A: Retrospective studies look back in time, while prospective studies follow participants forward.

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20
Q

Q: What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

A

A: An experimental study where participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups.

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21
Q

Q: What is relative risk (RR)?

A

A: The ratio of the risk of disease in exposed individuals to the risk in unexposed individuals.

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22
Q

Q: What is an odds ratio (OR)?

A

A: The ratio of the odds of exposure in cases to the odds of exposure in controls.

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23
Q

Q: What is attributable risk (AR)?

A

A: The difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups.

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24
Q

Q: What is population attributable risk (PAR)?

A

A: The proportion of disease in a population that can be attributed to a specific exposure.

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25
Q: What is the formula for relative risk?
A: RR = (Risk in exposed) / (Risk in unexposed).
26
Q: What is screening?
A: The identification of unrecognized disease in apparently healthy individuals.
27
Q: What is sensitivity?
A: The ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease.
28
Q: What is specificity?
A: The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease.
29
Q: What is positive predictive value (PPV)?
A: The probability that a person with a positive test result has the disease.
30
Q: What is negative predictive value (NPV)?
A: The probability that a person with a negative test result does not have the disease.
31
Q: What is an epidemic?
A: The occurrence of disease in excess of what is normally expected.
32
Q: What are the steps in outbreak investigation?
A: 1) Prepare for fieldwork, 2) Verify the diagnosis, 3) Describe the epidemic, 4) Formulate hypotheses, 5) Test hypotheses, 6) Implement control measures, 7) Report findings.
33
Q: What is a common-source epidemic?
A: An epidemic caused by exposure to a common source, such as contaminated food or water.
34
Q: What is a propagated epidemic?
A: An epidemic caused by person-to-person transmission.
35
Q: What is an epidemic curve?
A: A graph that shows the distribution of cases over time.
36
Q: What is surveillance?
A: The ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data.
37
Q: What is passive surveillance?
A: A system where health care providers send reports based on predefined rules.
38
Q: What is active surveillance?
A: A system where public health officials actively seek out cases.
39
Q: What is sentinel surveillance?
A: A system that uses a pre-arranged sample of reporting sources to monitor disease.
40
Q: What are the objectives of surveillance?
A: To monitor trends, detect outbreaks, and evaluate interventions.
41
What is the definition of epidemiology?
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and health-related states or events in a specified human population and the application of this study to control health problems.
42
What are the two basic assumptions of epidemiology?
1. Human diseases do not occur at random or by chance. 2. Human diseases have causal and preventive factors.
43
What are the three levels of disease prevention?
Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
44
What is the purpose of primary prevention?
To prevent the occurrence of disease by promoting health and preventing exposure to risk factors.
45
What is the purpose of secondary prevention?
To stop or slow the progression of disease through early detection and treatment.
46
What is the purpose of tertiary prevention?
To prevent further disability or death and limit the impacts of disability through rehabilitation.
47
What are the three components of the epidemiologic triad?
Agent, host, and environment.
48
What is the definition of a carrier in epidemiology?
A person without apparent disease who is capable of transmitting the agent to others.
49
What are the four stages of the natural history of disease?
Stage of susceptibility, stage of subclinical disease, stage of clinical disease, and stage of recovery, disability, or death.
50
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence measures new cases of a disease over a specified period, while prevalence measures all cases (new and existing) at a given point in time.
51
What is the formula for calculating incidence rate?
Incidence rate = (Number of new cases during a given period / Total population at risk during that period) x 10^n.
52
What is the formula for calculating prevalence rate?
Prevalence rate = (Number of existing cases at a given time / Total population at that time) x 10^n.
53
What is the difference between relative risk and odds ratio?
Relative risk measures the likelihood of developing a disease in the exposed group relative to the unexposed group, while odds ratio measures the odds of exposure among cases relative to controls.
54
What is the formula for relative risk?
Relative risk = (Incidence in exposed group / Incidence in unexposed group).
55
What is the formula for odds ratio?
Odds ratio = (a x d) / (b x c), where a = exposed cases, b = exposed non-cases, c = unexposed cases, d = unexposed non-cases.
56
What is the definition of a confounding variable?
A variable that distorts the apparent relationship between an exposure and an outcome because it is associated with both.
57
What are the three criteria for a variable to be a confounder?
1. It must be associated with the exposure. 2. It must be an independent cause or predictor of the disease. 3. It must not be an intermediate link in the causal pathway.
58
What is the purpose of randomization in experimental studies?
To avoid bias and confounding by ensuring that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group.
59
What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?
Sensitivity measures the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease, while specificity measures the ability to correctly identify those without the disease.
60
What is the formula for sensitivity?
Sensitivity = (True positives / (True positives + False negatives)) x 100.
61
What is the formula for specificity?
Specificity = (True negatives / (True negatives + False positives)) x 100.
62
What is the definition of positive predictive value?
The probability that a person with a positive test result actually has the disease.
63
What is the formula for positive predictive value?
Positive predictive value = (True positives / (True positives + False positives)) x 100.
64
What is the definition of negative predictive value?
The probability that a person with a negative test result does not have the disease.
65
What is the formula for negative predictive value?
Negative predictive value = (True negatives / (True negatives + False negatives)) x 100.
66
What is the purpose of a case-control study?
To compare individuals with a disease (cases) to those without the disease (controls) to identify potential risk factors.
67
What is the purpose of a cohort study?
To follow a group of individuals over time to determine the incidence of disease and identify risk factors.
68
What is the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies?
Prospective cohort studies follow participants forward in time, while retrospective cohort studies look back at historical data.
69
What is the definition of an epidemic?
The occurrence of a disease in excess of what is normally expected in a specific population over a given period of time.
70
What are the three types of epidemics?
Common source epidemics, propagated epidemics, and mixed epidemics.
71
What is the purpose of surveillance in public health?
To systematically collect, analyze, and interpret health-related data to plan, implement, and evaluate public health interventions.
72
What are the three types of surveillance?
Passive surveillance, active surveillance, and sentinel surveillance.
73
What is the definition of passive surveillance?
A system where health care providers send reports based on a known set of rules and regulations without active solicitation.
74
What is the definition of active surveillance?
A system where public health officials actively contact providers to solicit reports of specific diseases or events.
75
What is the definition of sentinel surveillance?
A system that uses a pre-arranged sample of reporting sources to monitor specific diseases or conditions.
76
What are the steps in conducting an epidemic investigation?
1. Prepare for fieldwork. 2. Verify the existence of an epidemic. 3. Verify the diagnosis. 4. Describe the epidemic by time, place, and person. 5. Formulate and test hypotheses. 6. Search for additional cases. 7. Analyze the data. 8. Make a decision on the hypotheses. 9. Implement interventions and follow-up. 10. Report the investigation.
77
What is the purpose of quarantine in disease control?
To limit the movement of individuals who have been exposed to a contagious disease to prevent its spread.
78
What is the definition of herd immunity?
The resistance of a population to the spread of an infectious disease due to the immunity of a high proportion of individuals.
79
What is the formula for herd immunity threshold?
Herd immunity threshold = 1 - (1 / R0), where R0 is the basic reproduction number.
80
What is the definition of a pandemic?
An epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents, affecting a large number of people.
81
What is the purpose of a cross-sectional study?
To measure the prevalence of a disease or condition at a single point in time.
82
What is the definition of a case report?
A detailed report of a single case of a disease, often used to identify new or unusual conditions.
83
What is the definition of a case series?
A collection of case reports involving patients with similar diagnoses, used to identify patterns or trends.
84
What is the purpose of a randomized controlled trial?
To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention by randomly assigning participants to treatment or control groups.
85
What is the definition of blinding in a clinical trial?
Keeping participants, investigators, or assessors unaware of the treatment assignment to prevent bias.
86
What is the difference between single-blind and double-blind studies?
In single-blind studies, only the participants are unaware of the treatment, while in double-blind studies, both participants and investigators are unaware.
87
What is the definition of a placebo?
A pharmacologically inactive substance given to participants in a control group to compare the effects of the active treatment.
88
What is the purpose of a placebo in clinical trials?
To control for the placebo effect, where participants experience improvements due to their expectations rather than the treatment itself.
89
What is the purpose of stratification in data analysis?
To control for confounding by analyzing data within subgroups that have similar levels of the confounding variable.

Public Health (3 decks)

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