Epithelial Glands

Question 1

How do exocrine glands secrete things?

Answer 1

Via a duct derived from the original connection to the epithelial layer.

Question 2

What part of the epithelium degenerates in endocrine glands?

Answer 2

epithelial down growth; this causes the secretory tissue to be separated from its epithelial leyer.

Question 3

How do endocrine glands secrete things?

Answer 3

via diffusion into surrounding blood vessels.

Question 4

What are exocrine grands?

Answer 4

> epithelial outgrowths into underlying connective tissue that retain their connection to the overlying epithelium in the form of one or more ducts.

> secretory products are transported via a duct system (usually) to the lumen or surface of an organ

Question 5

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 5

> glands that are epithelial outgrowths into underlying connective tissue that lose their connection to the overlying epithelium.

> They lack ducts and must secrete their product (hormone) directly into surrounding blood vessels

Question 6

What are paracrine glands?

Answer 6

glands in which secretion affects neighboring cells; e.g. growth factors.

Question 7

What are autocrine glands?

Answer 7

> glands whose secretions affect the cell that released the secretory product.
E.g. IL-2 secreted by T cells.

Question 8

What are acinus cells?

Answer 8

a mostly mucous capped by a half-moon shaped group of serous cells forming a serous demilune.

Question 9

What is merocrine secrection?

Answer 9

secretion in which the secretory product is in vesicles and is released by endocytosis/exocytosis.

Question 10

What is apocrine secretion?

Answer 10

secretion in which the apical cytoplasm is released along with the secretory product.

Question 11

What is holocrine secretion?

Answer 11

secretion in which the entire cell is released as part of secretory product.

Question 12

What is the submandibular gland composed of?

Answer 12

serous and mucuous cells, with demilune around the serous cells. Myoepithelial cells surround acini.

Question 13

What is the sublingual gland composed of?

Answer 13

mucuous acini and flattened nuclei at basal poles of cells.

Question 14

What is the parotid gland composed of?

Answer 14

serous acini and zymogen granules. RER predominates in the basal regions of secretory cells.

Question 15

What is a compound gland divided into?

Answer 15

subunits (lobules)

Question 16

What is a lobule equivalent to?

Answer 16

A simple branched gland.

Question 17

What is the parenchyma?

Answer 17

The components of the gland derived from epithelium (secretory units and ducts) comprise the parenchyma.

Question 18

What is stroma?

Answer 18

The connective tissue capcsule surrounding the entire gland as well as the connective tissue partitions separating the lobules and lobes.

Question 19

What are acini?

Answer 19

The secretory components of a lobule. They may be serous, mucuous or sero-mucous. They are covered by the basement membrane and border myoepithelial cells.

Question 20

What are myoepithelial cells?

Answer 20

cells that have extensive actin bundles and also contract. They express secretions of the acini into intercalated ducts.

Question 21

What are intralobular ducts?

Answer 21

> ducts that lie within a lobule.

> they can be intercalated or striated.

Question 22

What are intralobar ducts?

Answer 22

ducts joined by two or more interlobular ducts. They are lined with columnar epithelium transitioning into stratified column epithelium.

Question 23

What are the major salivary glands?

Answer 23

parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual glands

Question 24

Glandular tissue is composed of what type of cells that are specialized for secretion

Answer 24

> epithelial cells

Question 25

Epithelial down growth may remain connect to the epithelial layer from which it originated. This rise to which type of gland?

Answer 25

> exocrine gland

Question 26

List some examples of exocrine glands.

Answer 26

``` > salivary glands > mammary glands > sweat glands > sebaceous glands > liver > pancreas ```

Question 27

List some examples of endocrine glands.

Answer 27

``` > pituitary > thyroid > pineal > parathyroids > adrenals > gonads > liver > pancreas ```

Question 28

Ducts can be classified based on what?

Answer 28

> number of cells comprising the gland > absence or presence of ductal branching > shape of secretory portion

Question 29

Simple multicellular glands do not exhibit what?

Answer 29

> they do not exhibit ductal branching

Question 30

Ductal branching is characteristic of which types of glands?

Answer 30

> compound multicellular glands

Question 31

What are the possible shapes of the secretory portions of gland that are used to classify them?

Answer 31

> tubular > alveolar (acinar) > tubuloalveolar (-acinar)

Question 32

List the different types of tubular glands and a location for each.

Answer 32

> straight >>> crypts of Lieberkuhn in large intestine > coiled >>> sweat glands of skin > branched >>> fundic , pyloric, and cardiac glands of the stomach

Question 33

The term acinar is synonymous with what other term for glandular shape?

Answer 33

> alveolar

Question 34

List some possible examples of alveolar (acinar) glands

Answer 34

> meibomian glands of eyelids | > sebaceous glands of skin

Question 35

List some examples of tubuloalveolar (-acinar) glands

Answer 35

> salivary gland > Brunner's gland of duodenum > mucous glands of esophagus

Question 36

What are the simple glands?

Answer 36

> simple tubular > simple tubular coiled > simple tubular branched > simple alveolar (acinar)

Question 37

What are the branched glands?

Answer 37

> branched tubular > branched alveolar (acinar) > branched tubuloalveolar (-acinar)

Question 38

Characterize a serous secretion

Answer 38

> watery, enzyme-filled secretion | > example: parotid gland

Question 39

Characterize a mucous secretion

Answer 39

> thick, mucin containing secretion

Question 40

Characterize a mixed (serous-mucous) secretion

Answer 40

> secretion is a combination of serous and mucous > acinous is typically mostly mucous capped by a half-moos shaped group of serous cells forming a serous demilune > example: submandibular and sublingual glands

Question 41

Glands can also be characterized by mechanism of secretion. What are these?

Answer 41

> merrocrine (eccrine) > apocrine > holocrine

Question 42

Merocrine (eccrine)[mechanism of secretion]

Answer 42

> secretory product is typically stored in membrane-bound vesicles, and cytoplasm/cell membrane is retrieved in an exocytosis/endocytosis cycle > includes most glands

Question 43

Apocrine (mechanism of secretion)

Answer 43

> apical cytoplasm is released along with secretory product | > example: axillary sweat glands

Question 44

Holcrine ( mechanism of action)

Answer 44

> entire cell is released as part of secretory product | > example: sebaceous gland

Question 45

Characteristics of the submandibular gland?

Answer 45

> both serous and mucous cells > serous cells form serous dumilune capping mucous acini > myoepithelial cells surround acini

Question 46

Characteristics of the sublingual gland?

Answer 46

> mucous acini (pale in appearance) (PAS+) > flattened nuclei at basal poles of cells > myoepithelial cells surround acini

Question 47

Characteristics of the parotid gland?

Answer 47

> serous acini > apical regions contain zymogen granules > RER predominates in basal regions of secretory cells