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ATE 1211 > Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of epithelia?

A
  • Covers, lines & protects other tissues.
  • Filters biochemical substances
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Provides sensory output
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
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2
Q

What are the general characteristics?

A
  • Polar - have APICAL <span>(top)</span> & BASAL <span>(bottom)</span> surfaces
  • Lateral surfaces are connected to adjacent cells by JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
  • AVASCULAR (lack blood vessels)
  • Most are INNERVATED & provide sensory output
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3
Q

<strong>Number of layers of cells</strong>

A
  • Simple
  • Stratified
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4
Q

Shape of Cells

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar

Classed based on shape on <strong><u>exposed surface</u></strong>

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5
Q

<strong>Presence of surface <u>specialization</u></strong>

A
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Keratin
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6
Q

Simple Squamous

A
  • Lines surfaces involving passage of gas or liquid
    • <em>pulmonary alveoli, renal glomeruli</em>
  • <strong>mesothelium - </strong>lines surface of body cavities
  • <strong>endothelium - </strong>lines vessels<em> <span>(reduce friction)</span></em>

<span><strong>Allows DIFFUSION, FILTRATION, SECRETION & ABSORPTION</strong></span>

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7
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A
  • lines <u><strong>exocrine gland &amp; biliary ducts</strong></u>
  • lines <strong><u>bronchioles</u> (</strong>ciliated<strong>)</strong>
  • lines <strong><u>renal tubular cells</u> </strong><strong>(</strong>some w/ microvilli) brush border
  • lines <strong><u>follicles in thyroid gland</u></strong>

<span><strong>functions in ABSORPTION & SECRETION and in TRANSPORTING SECRETIONS/PARTICLES</strong></span>

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8
Q

Simple Columnar

A
  • lines <strong>stomach, gallbladder </strong>(secretion) & <strong>intestines </strong>(secretion (<strong>goblet cells</strong>) & absorption)
  • lines <strong>excretory ducts of some glands</strong>
  • lines (ciliated) <strong>uterine tubes & small bronchi = <u>simple ciliated columnar epithelia</u></strong>

<span><strong>functions in ABSORPTION & SECRETION & in TRANSPORTING SECRETIONS/PARTICLES</strong></span>

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9
Q

Stratified Squamous

A
  • skin (<strong>keratinized</strong>)
  • line mucous membranes<strong> </strong>(<strong>nonkeratinized</strong>) - <em>oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, & prepuce</em>
    • cuboidal/columnar cells make up basal cells -> divide & push towards the surface -> flatten & lose cytoplasm, nucleus, & organelles -> slough off

<span><strong>PROTECTIVE function; in AREAS PRONE to ABRASION</strong></span>

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10
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A
  • usually <u>only 2 cell layers</u>, both cuboidal
  • lines large excretory ducts <strong>(salivary, sweat, & mammary glands)</strong>

<span><strong>functions in SECRETION, ABSORPTION & <u>PROTECTION</u> of UNDERLYING TISSUES</strong></span>

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11
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

RARE

  • lines large ducts of mammary gland, select parts of respiratory & digestive tracts & small portion of urethra of some male animals.
  • basal layer is cuboidal

<span><strong>functions in SECRETION & ABSORPTION</strong></span>

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12
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A
  • not truly stratified but appears so because nuclei are at different levels & <u>not all cells reach the luminal surface.</u>
  • forms a sinle layer, so its a <u>simple</u> epithelium
  • usually <u>ciliated</u>; lines <strong>nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, & bronchi & parts of male repro. tract</strong>

<span><strong>has SURFACE LAYER of MUCUS that functions to TRAP PARTICLES that CILIA SWEEP AWAY</strong></span>

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13
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • <strong>stratified w/ cuboidal or columnar basal layer; <u>superficial layer is cuboidal or squamous depending on degree of distension/contraction</u></strong>
  • lines <strong>portions of urinary tract where changes in volume occur (<u>renal calyxes, ureters, bladder, urethra</u>)</strong>

<span><strong>PREVENTS DIFFUSION OF URINE INTO ABDOMINAL CAVITY</strong></span>

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14
Q

Basement membrane

A

= basal lamina

  • meshwork of <u>fibers connecting the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue</u>
  • <u>oxygen &amp; nutrients supplied to </u>& <u>waste excreted from epithelium</u> by diffusion through basal lamina from/to capillaries in underlying connective tissue
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15
Q

Classification of GLANDS

A
  • EXOcrine or ENDOcrine (ducts)
  • UNIcellular or MULTIcellular
  • SIMPLE or COMPOUND ducts
  • structure -> <strong>tubular, acinar or tubuloacinar</strong>
  • type of secretion -> <strong>mucous, serous or mixed</strong>
  • method of secretion storage & release -> <strong>merocrine, apocrine or holocrine</strong>
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16
Q

ENDOCRINE

A
  • NO ducts or tubules
  • secrete regulatory chemicals (hormones) into circulation -> <strong>distributed throughout body</strong>
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17
Q

EXOCRINE

A
  • HAVE ducts (<u>except</u> for unicellular goblet cell)
  • secrete via ducts <strong>locally</strong>, not into circulation
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18
Q

EXOCRINE GLANDS

Unicellular

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A

GOBLET CELL

= modified columnar epithelial cell (simple columnar)

  • among columnar cells of resp. & GI tract & in conjunctive of eye
  • secrets mucin (glycoproteins & proteoglycans) that becomes mucus when mixed w/ water
19
Q

EXOCRINE GLANDS

Multicellular

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A
  • secretory unit & duct
  • +/- myoepithelial cells (aids in discharge of secretion into duct)
  • most exocrine glands
20
Q

glands

SIMPLE

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A

main duct unbranched

21
Q

glands

COMPOUND

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A

main duct branched

22
Q

glands

STRUCTURE of SECRETORY UNIT

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A
  • Tubular - long channel of even wdith
  • Alveoli (acinar) - rounded sac
  • Tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar - combo
23
Q

glands

TYPES of SECRETION

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A
  • Serous - watery w/ high concentration of enzymes
  • Mucous - thick & viscous and composed of glyoproteins
  • Mixed - both serous & mucous components
24
Q

glands

METHOD of STORAGE & RELEASE

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A
  • Merocrine
    • secretion packaged in granular units & released via exocytosis
    • cells remain INTACT
  • Apocrine
    • granules stored until apex cell is full -> cell pinches in two & releases apex into duct
  • Holocrine ex: sabaceous glad
    • granules stored untill needed & entire cell degenerates to release them
25
Connective Tissue
* Bone - *specialized* * Blood - *specialized* * Cartilage * Fat * Ligament * Tendon
26
CONNECTIVE TISSUE **FUNCTIONS**
* Forms structural & metabolic connections between other tissues * Provides frame supporting the body * Forms protective sheath around organs * Helps insulate the body & acts as a energy reserve * Plays role in healing & in control of invading microbes
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPOSITION
* Cells * Extracellular fibers * Ground substance
28
CONNECTIVE TISSUE **extracellular matrix**
**GROUND SUBSTANCE** -amorphous, homogenous material (ex) = **glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)** * orientation of fiber formation * medium for nutrient/waste exchange * shock-absorping cushion * obstacle for invading microbes **FIBERS** * **Collagenous** (white fibers) - tensile strength * **Reticular** - support network * **Elastic** (yellow fibers) - strength & contract
29
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
**_FIXED_** - production & maintenance of extracellular matrix **_TRANSIENT_** (Wandering)
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIXED cells
= production & maintenance of extracullular matrix * **Fibroblast -** secrete collagen & ground substance * **Chrondoblasts** - cartilage * **Osteoblast** - bone * **Adipocyte** - adipose tissue (fat) * **Reticular cells** - involved in production of reticular fibers & in the immune response (found in _lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow)_
31
CONNECTIVE TISSUE TRANSIENT cells
= Wandering * **Leukocytes (WBCs)** - move into tissues cia _diapedesis_ in response to infection * Phagocytize microbes * Produce antibodies * **Mast Cells** - release granules containing histamine & heparine -\> initiate an inflammatory response * **Macrophages** - phagocytosis & lysosomal digestion of microbes & cellular debris
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**TYPES of CONNECTIVE TISSUE**
**_Connective Tissue Proper_** * Loose connective tissue * Dense Fibrous connetive tissue (DFCT) **_Specialized_** * Cartilage * Bone
33
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER **LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE**
* **_Areolar_** - most common; fibroblasts, hyaluronic acid; support & cushion; moderately elastic but tears easily. * **_Adipose_** - adipocytes; energy source, shock absorber, thermal insulator; highly vascularized. * **_Reticular_** - fibroblasts, reticular fibers (stroma); framework for certain organs
34
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER ## Footnote **DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE (DFCT)**
* **Dense Regular** - tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers; tensile strength in one direction; white; avascular & slow to heal. * Tendons, ligaments, fascia * Dense Irregular - thicker collagen fiber bundles arranged randomly for strength in many directions. * Dermis, joint & organ capsules * **_Elastic_** - parallel elastic fibers or interwoven w/ fibroblasts & collagen. * Ligaments, IV discs, vessel walls, stomach, bronchi, bladder, heart
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SPECIALIZED CARTILAGE
= Condrocytes, GAGs (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate), chondronectin, fluid; gets nutrients from perichondrium * Hyaline - most common; most rigid; articular cartilage, trachea, costochondral junctions * Elastic - most flexible; epiglottis, pinnae * Fibrocartilage - no perichondrium; w/ hyaline cartilage & DCT; IV discs, pelvis, knee joint
36
SPECIALIZED BONE
(osseous connective tisse) = osteoblasts, osteoclasts, collagen & calcium salts; well vascularized; supports & protects ; calcium reserve *Living tissue
37
SPECIALIZED Blood
= cells, proteins, plasma
38
MEMBRANES
* Thin protective layers that line body cavities, separate organs & cover surfaces * Composed of epithelial sheet bound to underlying layer of connective tissue proper * 4 common types: * Mucous * Serous * Cutaneous * Synovial (no epithelial layer)
39
Mucous Membranes
* Lines organs having connections to the outside environment (digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary tracts) * Either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelial covering layer of loose connective tissue = lamina propria * Submucosa = connective tissue layer under lp that connectes mucose to the underlying structures * Secretes mucus (water, electrolytes & mucin) * Decreases friction * Traps pathogens & foreign particles * Some also have absorptive properties
40
Serous Membranes
* Line body cavity walls (parietal layer) and cover outer surfaces of organs (visceral layer) * Composed of a continuous sheet doubled to form 2 layers with a potential space between them * Simple squamous epithelium bound to underlying layer of loose connective tissue * Produces thin, watery fluid = transudate (no mucin) that serves to reduce friction between organs and between organs & body cavity wall
41
OTHER MEMBRANES CUTANEOUS
= integument = skin * Epithelium = epidermis - attached to = dermis
42
OTHER MEMBRANES **SYNOVIAL**
- lines joint cavities * Composed _entirely_ of loose connective tissue & adipose, covered by a layer of collegen fibers & fibroblasts * **No epithelial layer**
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ATE 1211 (6 decks)

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