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ANAT241- Module 2 > Epithelial tissue and cell membrane specialisations > Flashcards

Epithelial tissue and cell membrane specialisations Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

specialized cells embedded in an extracellular matrix, organised functionally and form organs and organ systems

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2
Q

What are the 4 key types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective (support) tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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3
Q

what types of cells form a tissue?

A

multiple cells can for a tissue
or
one type of cell can for a tissue

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4
Q

what are adhesion molecules?

A

hold cells together and to surfaces

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5
Q

where do cells sit in the body?

A

cells are embedded within an extracellular matrix

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6
Q

what is a cellular internal cytoskeleton?

A

network of filaments for shape, support, and movement

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7
Q

what is the function of the extracellular matrix?

A

provides structural support to cells and allows them to remain in a differentiated state

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8
Q

what secretes the ECM?

A

cells

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9
Q

why do cells secrete ECM?

A

for support and structure, and regulation of cell communication and behaviour

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10
Q

what is an example of when the ECM helps to maintain a differentiated state of the cell?

A

mouse mammary gland epithelium cultured without ECM are flat and don’t produce milk

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11
Q

what is an example of how ECM maintains normal development?

A

inactivating genes for ECM proteins results in defective skeletal development

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12
Q

what is a big differentiator between different types of tissue?

A

the ratio of cells to ECM

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13
Q

where is epithelial tissue found?

A

lines the organs and cavities within the body

covers the external body

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14
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

protective barrier

Absorptive and secretory adaptations

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15
Q

how many cells form a secretory gland?

A

either individually or as a group

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16
Q

how is epithelial tissue classified?

A

based on layers, shapes, surface specialisations and function

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17
Q

what is the polarity of epithelial tissue?

A

has polarity, has the apical and basal surfaces

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the epithelial cells basement membrane?

A

a scaffold and anchor to underlye connective tissue (support tissue)

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19
Q

are epithelial tissues avascular?

A

yes

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20
Q

how do epithelial tissues get nutrients?

A

via diffusion

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21
Q

are epithelial tissues regenerative?

A

yes, they have stems cells that allow regeneration

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22
Q

what are the different epithelial cell shapes?

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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23
Q

what are the different number of cell layers?

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified
transitional

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24
Q

what is pseudostratified?

A

look columnar but nuclei are not in an even plain, still only one layer of cells

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25
what are the surface classifications?
microvilli and cilia
26
what are the different forms of glandular epithelium?
can be single cells or grouped into glands to allow focused production of a secreted product
27
what are occluding junctions?
tight junctions (zonula occludens)
28
what are the anchoring junctions?
zonula adherens desmosomes hemidesmosomes
29
what are the communicating junctions?
gap junctions
30
where are junctions located?
tightly bound junction at apical region
31
where are zonula adherens located?
strengthens attachment to neighbouring cells as apical region
32
where are the gap junctions?t
communication between neighbouring cells
33
what are the desmosomes?
firmly anchors neighboring cells together
34
what are hemidesmosomes?
anchors cell to basement membrane
35
what is a junctional complex?
made up from a tight junction, zondula adheren, and desmosome epithelial cells have a junctional complex
36
what is the function of tight junctions?
controls paracellular pathway tight junctions are selectively permeable, evolved to allow certain molecules to pass through
37
what are the transmembrane proteins of a tight junction?
occludin claudins
38
what is the function of claudins?
allow different molecules to pass between epithelial cells. Different claudins for different permeabilities in different tissues
39
what is the function of claudin-16?
only certain regions of the kidney are permeable to Mg2+ ions
40
what are the effects of low Mg2+ into the blood?
magnesium deficiency Kidney damage/renal failure
41
what is the functions of zonula adherens?
links cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
42
what is the main transmembrane protein in zonula adherens?
E-cadherins
43
what is the structure of zondula adherens?
they have actin microfilaments that run across the apical region of the cell
44
what happens if the zondula adherens dont have cedherins?
Loss of E-cadherins linked to metastesis of cancer cells
45
what is the function of desmosomes?
link cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. Connect to cytokeratin (intermediate filaments)
46
what is cytokeratin?
protein found within epithelial cells
47
what are desmosomes main transmembrane protein?
cadherins such as desmoglein
48
what is pemphigus vulgaris?
Autoimmune disease. Antobodies attack desmoglein 3 which keeps cells bound together.
49
what is the phenotype of pemphigus vulgaris?
cells fall apart, skin sloughs off
50
what is the function of cadherins?
cadherins are important for maintaining structural integrity of epithelium
51
what is the function of hemidesmosomes?
modified desmosomes on the basal surface of the cell anchor the cell to the basement membrane they bind to cytokeratin
52
what is the main transmembrane protein of hemidesmosomes?
integrins
53
what are gap junctions?
communicating junctions
54
what are the main transmembrane proteins of gap junctions?
connexins
55
what is the function of connexins?
form channels called connexons that have open/close allow passage of ions and small molecules
56
what is the structure of polarised epithelial tissue?
epithelial cells have an apical and basal surface linked as sheets through lateral junctions linked to basement membrane via junctions Different specialisations linked to polarity of cell-provide hints as to function
57
what are microvilli?
fingerlike projections of plasma membrane
58
what is the function of microvilli?
increased surface area
59
what is the length of microvilli?
very short- 0.5-1 micro meter
60
what is the structure of microvilli?
core of parallel actin bundles
61
what do microvilli look like under light microscopy?
brush border
62
what is the function of cilia?
Motile- beat in rhythm to move substances across the surface of epithelium Non-motile- sensory information
63
is the length of cilia?
~10 micrometers
64
what is the structure of cilia?
has a cytoskeleton composed of a core of microtubules
65
what is the function of the basal membrane?
binds epithelial cells to the connective tissue Forms a barrier but allows nutrients to pass to epithelia. Regulates permeability Controls growth and differentiation
66
what forms the basal membrane?
formed and maintained by both epithelia and connective tissue
67
What is the structure of the basal membrane?
sheet-like arrangement of ECM proteins
68
what does the basal membrane look like under a light microscope?
not easily distinguished with H&E staining Immunocytochemistry can be used to stain specific components
69
what does the basal membrane look like under an electron microscope?
the 3 layers of the basal membrane are visible
70
What are the 3 layers of the basal membrane?
Lamina lucida Lamina densa (aka basal lamina) Lamina fibroreticularis
71
what are epithelial basal foldings?
folding of the basement membrane to increase surface area for exchange
72
what are the general properties of stem cells (no matter where they come from)?
- capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods -Unspecialised -can give rise to specialised cell types

ANAT241- Module 2 (9 decks)

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