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EPY 2533: Human Growth & Development > EPY 2533: Human Growth & Development > Flashcards

EPY 2533: Human Growth & Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Nature vs. Nurture debate about?

A

The extent to which development is influenced by nature (biological inheritance) or nurture (environmental experiences)

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2
Q

Define ‘Nature’ in the context of development.

A

Organism’s biological inheritance

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3
Q

List key terms associated with ‘Nature’.

A
  • Genetic Inheritance
  • Genes
  • Inherited Physical traits
  • Biology
  • Heredity
  • Chromosomes
  • DNA
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4
Q

Define ‘Nurture’ in the context of development.

A

Environmental experiences

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5
Q

List key terms associated with ‘Nurture’.

A
  • Learning
  • Parenting
  • Environment
  • Upbringing
  • Experience
  • Media
  • Social Influence
  • Nutrition
  • Family
  • Peers
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6
Q

What is the main question posed regarding Ted Kaczynski’s development?

A

Was he born a serial killer or did he learn and become one?

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7
Q

What is the main question posed regarding Alice Walker’s development?

A

Was she born with the skills to write Pulitzer Prize winning poems and books or did she learn those skills?

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8
Q

What does the Stability & Change debate focus on?

A

The degree to which early traits & characteristics persist through life or change

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9
Q

What does Stability result from?

A

Heredity & early experiences

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10
Q

What is the optimistic view of Change in development?

A

Later experiences can produce change

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11
Q

Define Continuity in developmental issues.

A

Gradual, cumulative change

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12
Q

Define Discontinuity in developmental issues.

A

Distinct stages

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13
Q

What is the focus of Psychoanalytic theories of human development?

A

Unconscious forces and inner workings of the mind

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14
Q

Who proposed the Psychosexual Stages of Development?

A

Sigmund Freud

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15
Q

What was Freud’s primary motivation for patients?

A

Sexual in nature

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16
Q

Who believed that development occurs throughout the life span?

A

Erik Erikson

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17
Q

What is the focus of Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development?

A

Resolving crises

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18
Q

What does the Ethological theory state about behavior?

A

Behavior is influenced by biology and characterized by critical and sensitive periods

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19
Q

Who discovered the term imprinting?

A

Karl Lorenz

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20
Q

What is imprinting?

A

Rapid innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen

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21
Q

What did John Bowlby study?

A

Attachment of children with caregivers during their first year

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22
Q

List the periods of development.

A
  • Prenatal
  • Infancy
  • Early Childhood
  • Middle & Late Childhood
  • Adolescence
  • Early Adulthood
  • Middle Adulthood
  • Late Adulthood
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23
Q

What are the three domains of human development?

A
  • Biological or Physical
  • Cognitive
  • Socioemotional or Psychosocial
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24
Q

What does the Life-span Perspective state about development?

A

Development is lifelong and involves growth, maintenance, and loss

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25
Name one characteristic of human development.
Development is multidimensional
26
What is the traditional approach to development?
Believes there are few changes after adolescence
27
What is an example of anecdotal evidence in beliefs about life-span development?
Beliefs passed down from one generation to the next without scientific backing
28
What is Human Development?
The pattern of movement or change that starts at conception & continues through the human life span
29
What is the first stage in Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development?
Trust v. Mistrust
30
What is the focus of the 'Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt' stage?
Will a child assert their own will & independence or develop doubt?
31
What happens during the 'Initiative v. Guilt' stage?
A child acts in a purposeful & responsible manner or acts irresponsibly
32
What is the 'Industry v. Inferiority' stage about?
Mastering new skills in school or feeling incompetent
33
What is the primary question of the 'Identity v. Identity Confusion' stage?
Who am I?
34
What is the focus of the 'Intimacy v. Isolation' stage?
Forming healthy friendships & intimate relationships or not
35
What does 'Generativity v. Stagnation' stage evaluate?
Will an adult help the next generation or feel he or she has nothing to offer?
36
What is the final stage in Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development?
Integrity v. Despair
37
What are the stages in Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development?
* Oral * Anal * Phallic * Latency * Genital
38
What does Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory emphasize?
Children actively construct their own understanding of the world
39
What are the four stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development?
* Sensorimotor * Preoperational * Concrete Operational * Formal Operational
40
What does the Correlational Coefficient indicate?
The strength of the relationship between two variables
41
What does a Correlational Coefficient of +1 indicate?
A strong positive relationship
42
What does a Correlational Coefficient of -1 indicate?
A strong negative relationship
43
What is the role of the Independent Variable in research?
The variable being changed
44
What is the role of the Dependent Variable in research?
The variable being measured
45
What is the purpose of a Control Group in experimental research?
Acts as a baseline for comparison
46
What does Random Assignment ensure in research?
Participants are assigned to experimental & control groups by chance
47
What is Descriptive Research?
Observing & recording data
48
What is the Mean in statistical measures?
The average score
49
What is the Median in statistical measures?
The middle score
50
What is the Mode in statistical measures?
The most occurring score
51
What does Behaviorism focus on?
Only what is measured & observed can be scientifically studied
52
Who developed Operant Conditioning?
BF Skinner
53
What does Social Cognitive Theory emphasize?
Behavior, environment, & cognition are key factors in development
54
What is Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model?
The relationship between behavior, environment, & cognitive processes impacts development
55
What is a Cross-sectional Approach in research?
Conducting research on different age groups at the same time
56
What is a Longitudinal Approach in research?
Conducting research on the same group of people over a period of time
57
What are the APA Guidelines for Ethical Research?
* Informed consent * Confidentiality * Deception * Debriefing
58
What must participants be informed about in Informed Consent?
About the experiment and give their permission
59
What does Confidentiality ensure in research?
Personal information about participants is kept private
60
What is the purpose of Debriefing in research?
Participants must be informed about the research after the experiment
61
What must be kept private during an experiment?
Personal information about the participants ## Footnote This refers to confidentiality in research ethics.
62
What is deception in research ethics?
Not telling the participant the whole truth about the research prior to the experiment ## Footnote This is used only if revealing the truth could alter participants' behavior.
63
What must researchers ensure when using deception?
Not to harm the participant ## Footnote This is a critical aspect of ethical research practices.
64
What is debriefing in the context of research?
Participants must be told about the research after the experiment ## Footnote This is especially important if deception was used.
65
What is the primary focus of research ethics?
Ensuring the safety and well-being of participants ## Footnote This includes confidentiality, deception, and debriefing.
66
Fill in the blank: Personal information about the participants collected during the experiment must be kept _______.
private
67
Fill in the blank: Participants must be told about the research after the experiment, especially if _______ was used.
deception
68
True or False: It is acceptable to harm participants if deception is used in research.
False ## Footnote Researchers must ensure no harm comes to participants.
69
Who published 'Essentials of Life-Span Development' in 2024?
Santrock, J.W. ## Footnote This textbook is a source for research ethics information.

EPY 2533: Human Growth & Development (1 decks)

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