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A Level Geography > EQ 1- Human Development > Flashcards

EQ 1- Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Most common way of measuring development at a national level

A

GDP and GNI

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2
Q

Other aspects of improving development other than economic progress

A
  • improve people’s well-being
  • quality of life
  • contentment
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3
Q

Indicators used for human development

A
  • Life expectancy
  • infant and maternal mortality
  • literacy
  • healthcare
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4
Q

What is the Happy Planet Index?

A

Global measure of sustainable wellbeing

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5
Q

What is HPI formula?

A

Experienced well-being X Life expectancy/ecological footprint

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6
Q

Pattern of happy planet index

A

Countries recording the highest values are not ranked as top rank developed countries. But those with lowest values do rank among the least developed .

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7
Q

Costa Rica Happy planet index value from next economics foundation

A

64

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8
Q

Botswana HPI from new economics foundation

A

22.6

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9
Q

Why does the HPI rank give rise to a different ranking of countries than GDP?

A

Only measure that takes into account environmental sustainability

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10
Q

Limitations of the HPI

A
  • well being and ecological footprint are based highly on aggregated data
  • only life expectancy can be considered fairly reliable
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11
Q

Why are there fundamental differences of the perception of what human development is?

A

Differences in the beliefs, values, morals and codes of conducts of the worlds s

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12
Q

What is Sharia Law?

A

Law of Islam

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13
Q

Example of the brutality of sharia law legal system?

A
  • a man can beat his wife for insubordination
  • theft is punishable by the amputation of the right hand
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14
Q

Who is Evo Morales ?

A

Bolivia’s first indigenous president

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15
Q

What is morales known for?

A

Anti imperialist and anti colonialist. His popularity is based on the exploitation of Bolivias natural gas and mineral resources and sharing the wealth among the people. As a result, half a million Bolivians have been lifted out of poverty

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16
Q

Limitations to Morales development model

A
  • Bolivias still one of poorest countries in Latin America - quarter still live on less than $2 a day
  • socialist model sharing wealth derived from natural resources - not equal distribution
  • little to say about human aspects of development such as education
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17
Q

What is the prevailing view that development should focus on?

A
  • health
  • life expectancy
  • human rights
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18
Q

How are advancements in health, life expectancy and human rights delivered ?

A

Economic growth - frequently involves exploitation of natural resources which has adverse impacts on the environment, environmental objectives are not always cited as development objectives as a result.

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19
Q

Why is education vital if a country wants to move along the development pathway?

A

Education promises a better job and higher wages and this leads to material benefits that raise the quality of life.

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20
Q

What other things does education provide a key to enhancing the quality of life?

A
  • knowing and asserting human rights
  • informed about personal hygiene, diet and health
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21
Q

Obstacles to education

A
  • ethnicity
  • gender
  • social class
  • physical and mental disability
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22
Q

Example of gender discrimination in education

A

Malala Yousafzai was targeted by taliban because she wanted to be educated

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23
Q

What are the three main factors taken into account for HDI

A
  • life expectancy
  • education
  • economic growth
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24
Q

Why is HDI useful?

A
  • relies on statistical data collected frequently and widely at a national level
  • can be used to measure development over years or period of years
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25
Q

What is the common gender difference in life expectancy?

A

Female life expectancy is often greater

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26
Q

Men vs Female life expectancy in UK

A

78.4 for men and 82.8 for women

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27
Q

Why may men live longer in less developed countries?

A

Maternal mortality rates
Botswana:
- 56 males
- 52.3 female

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28
Q

Two main measures of health

A
  • the number of doctors per 100,000 people
  • % of population with regular access to essential drugs
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29
Q

Global subdivision of the % of the population with regular access to drugs

A
  • 95% in developed countries
  • 50-95% in emerging countries
  • less than 50% in developing countries
30
Q

Why is there often a positive correlation between life expectancy and per capita income ?

A

With diminishing income, critical necessities of life become less guaranteed:
- food
- safe water
- proper sanitation
- health care

31
Q

What is deprivation?

A

Individual well being and quality of life below a level regarded as a reasonable minmum

32
Q

Why does life expectancy vary in the developed world

A

Symptoms of poverty create health risks which increase the death rate and lower the life expectancy.
Societies in the developed world are typically polarised showing extreme poverty and wealth.

33
Q

Why do developed countries lifestyles affect life expectancy?

A

Lifestyles of the better off carry health risks such as obesity, smoking, alcoholism and heart disease

34
Q

Why is healthcare a significant factor determining life expectancy?

A

When Healthcare is free , it is more accessible for the poor.
Variations in spending effect quality and effectiveness

35
Q

What causes spatial variations in life expectancy within countries?

A
  • ethnicity
  • poverty and deprivation
    -Lifestyle and social economic group
  • Healthcare
    Government can have an impact on all factors above
36
Q

Why are the life expectancies between England, Wales and Scotland different?

A

Differences in lifestyle and general level of affluence

37
Q

England vs Scotland life expectancy

A

2011 ONS
England: 77.7 M and 81.9 F
Scotland: 75 M and 79.9 F

38
Q

Is there variations between counties?

A

Yes
Healthy life expectancy in Richmond of 70.3 but in Manchester it is 55
2009-11

39
Q

Variation in life expectancy between occupations

A

Male - 2011
Professional : 80 years
Unskilled: 72.7

40
Q

Why are there variations in life expectancy occupational groups?

A

Differences in lifestyle and housing conditions
Attitude towards health and diet
Safety at work

41
Q

Life expectancy may vary between ethnic groups?

A

Inherited genes and discrimination leading to poverty

42
Q

What type of government is the UK?

A

Constitutional monarchy

43
Q

What was UK total expenditure on education and health in 2014?

A

Percent of GDP
5.5% education
9.1% health

44
Q

What type of government is Cuba?

A

Socialist republic

45
Q

What was Cubas expenditure on health and education in 2014

A

Percent of GDP
13.6% ed
8.8% health

46
Q

What type of govt has Egypt got

A

Totalitarian

47
Q

What was Egypt expenditure on education and health in 2014

A

3.8% ed
5.1% health

48
Q

What are the two continua determining different governments?

A

Left to right wing
Democratic to authoritarian

49
Q

What is a totalitarian regime ?

A

System of government that is centralised and dictatorial

50
Q

Why do socialists have high expenditure in education?

A

Commitment that all children should have equal access to education

51
Q

Why do totalitarian governments have low expenditure on education

A

Reluctant to see society become well informed

52
Q

What are democratically elected government more likely to spend more on ?

A

The welfare of their people

53
Q

Who are the major IGOs promoting global development?

A

World Bank
World trade organisation
International Monetary Fund
United nations educational,scientific and cultural organisation
Organisations for economic cooperation and development

54
Q

What is the mission of the world bank?

A
  • facilitator of post war reconstruction and development
  • committed to the alleviation of poverty and supporting develop
55
Q

Mission of the WTO

A

Only global organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
Goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and imported to conduct their business

56
Q

What is the mission of the IMF?

A

Aims to foster monetary co-operation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty around the word .

57
Q

Mission of UNESCO

A

Contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science and culture to further universal respect for justice , law and human rights

58
Q

What is the mission of the OECD?

A

Promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world . Provides a forum for governments to work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems

59
Q

What are the UN millennium development goals ?

A

Set of targets agreed in 2000 in a series of international conferences and summits meetings of the world leaders.

60
Q

What is the aim of millennium development goal!

A

Fight poverty and combat a range of issues hampering human development?

61
Q

What is the 1st millennium development goal ?

A

Eradicate extreme poverty

62
Q

What is the 2nd millennium development goal?

A

Achieve universal primary education

63
Q

What is the 3rd millennium development goal ?

A

Promote gender equality and empower women

64
Q

What is the 4th millennium development goal?

A

Reduce child mortality

65
Q

What is the 5th millennium development goal?

A

Improve maternal health

66
Q

What is the 6th millennium development goal?

A

Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases

67
Q

What is the 7th millennium development goal?

A

Ensure environmental sustainability

68
Q

What is the 8th millennium development goal?

A

Develop a global partnership for development

69
Q

Indicators of progress in MDGs

A

Extreme poverty rate(percent of population):
- 1990 - 47%
- 2014-14%

Primary school enrolment (%of children)
- 1990 - 75%
- 2015 - 91%

70
Q

What are the sustainable development goals?

A

17 goals to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice , and tackle climate change by 2030

71
Q

Why are SDGs better than MDGs?

A

Address the root causes of poverty and the need for a universal style of development that works for all people.

72
Q

What are the three strategic focus areas of UN development programme that the SDGs are connected to?

A

Sustainable development
Democratic governance and peace building
Climate and disaster resilience

A Level Geography (17 decks)

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