EQ Neurology

Question 1

What clinical presentation may be seen with a forebrain lesion?

Answer 1

Change in behaviour/ mentation, compulsive behaviours (yawning, walking), blindness, seizures, head position

Question 2

What is the most common cause of forebrain lesions in the adult?

Answer 2

Trauma!

Question 3

What sleep disorder may be mistaken for a primary pathology?

Answer 3

Sleep deprivation secondary to eg OA. Can see gradual weakness/ buckling

Question 4

What are the most common causes of forebrain lesions in the foal?

Answer 4

Trauma, sepsis, perinatal asphyxia syndrome (dummy)

Question 5

Describe PAS/ dummy foal disorder.

Answer 5

Hypoxia leading to reduced perfusion of non-essential organs and eventually cerebral hypoxia - could be due to placental abnormalities, neonatal sepsis or dymaturity

Question 6

Temporohyoid osteopathy could lead to damage of which nerves?

Answer 6

Vestibular or facial

Question 7

What clinical signs would be observed with a vestibular neuropathy?

Answer 7

Head tilt/ turn, nystagmus, ataxia, ventral strabismus, wide-based stance

Question 8

What clinical signs would be observed with a facial neuropathy?

Answer 8

Ptosis, nostril deviation, dropped ear, exposure keratitis, dysphagia, poor performance

Question 9

Field anaesthesia with no regard for headcollar placement could lead to damage of which nerve?

Answer 9

Facial

Question 10

What clinical signs are observed with horners syndrome?

Answer 10

My sunken 3rd toe.
Miosis
Enophthalmos
Prolapsed 3rd eyelid
Ptosis
\+Sweating and hyperaemic mm

Question 11

Where would sweating be observed with damage to the thoracic vs cervical ganglion?

Answer 11

Thoracic = widespread, cervical = head

Question 12

Equine motor neurone disease can be caused by what mineral deficiency?

Answer 12

Selenium/ vit E

Question 13

Which motor neurones are affected with EMND? What clinical signs are observed?

Answer 13

Type 1 - muscle fasciculations, wt loss, prolonged recumbency, stiff gait, tail up

Question 14

What iatrogenic injury can lead to horners syndrome?

Answer 14

Extravasation of irritant - PBZ or Buscopan

Question 15

What clinical signs may be seen with cauda equina disease?

Answer 15

Perineal/ bladder atony, penile prolapse, rectal dilation (faecal retention), pelvic paresis/ weakness

Question 16

What infectious pathogens can cause cauda equina pathology?

Answer 16

Equine herpes virus-1, sarcocystis (EPM)

Question 17

What is the pathogenesis of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy?

Answer 17

Vasculitis and thrombosis of spinal cord vessels

Question 18

What treatment modalities should be utilised for a case of EHV1 myeloencephalopathy?

Answer 18

Isolation! NSAIDS/ steroids, Anti-thrombotics, antivirals (expensive), supportive nursing (beware recumbency)

Question 19

Ataxia grade 1

Answer 19

Intermittent subtle neurological deficits

Question 20

Ataxia grade 2

Answer 20

Mild constant deficits

Question 21

Ataxia grade 3

Answer 21

Moderate constant deficits

Question 22

Ataxia grade 4

Answer 22

Severe deficits, stumbling, trips and falls

Question 23

What clinical signs may be observed with spinal cord disease?

Answer 23

Sudden ataxia/ recumbency, limited progression, paraplegia, dog-sitting

Question 24

Where are the most common sites for traumatic spinal cord disease?

Answer 24

Occipitoalantoaxial region. caudal cervical, mid-back

Question 25

DMSO can be use intravenously to treat what?

Answer 25

Increased inrecranial pressure, cerebral oedema

Question 26

Type 1 wobbler

Answer 26

Young, developmental abnormal, dynamic stenosis, seen at any site

Question 27

Type 2 wobbler

Answer 27

Older, OA of articular processes, static stenosis, C5-7 most commonly affected

Question 28

What radiographic changes may be seen on a horse with CVMS?

Answer 28

Poor vertebral alignment, spinal canal width decrease, DSP spurs, articular surface ski jumps

Question 29

What is the intravertebral ratio?

Answer 29

Ratio between the widest point of the vertebrae and the narrowest portion of the vertebral canal (should be 2:1)

Question 30

What is the intervertebral ratio?

Answer 30

Ventrocaudal-dorsocranial width between two vertebrae

Question 31

Which breed are predisposed to Occupitoalantoaxial malformation?

Answer 31

Arabs

Question 32

Shivers

Answer 32

Reflex hypertonia of the pelvic limb muscles

Question 33

Stringhalt

Answer 33

Sudden, involuntary exaggerated flexion of the hock/ stifle

Question 34

What clinical signs would be observed with radial nerve damage?

Answer 34

Dropped limb, dragged toe, cannot flex or extend the limb but is able to weight bear when positioned

Question 35

What clinical signs are observed with suprascapular nerve damage?

Answer 35

Shoulder slips abaxially when wt bearing

Question 36

Sweeny

Answer 36

Damage to the suprascapular nerve

Question 37

Which pigment shows accumulation within the retina of horses with EMND?

Answer 37

Lipofuscin

Question 38

What treatment is used in cases of traumatic nerve injury?

Answer 38

Rest, anti-inflammatories, DMSO, physio and vitamin E

Question 39

Toxin ingestion botulism

Answer 39

Contaminated feed/ water with poultry litter/ carcasses

Question 40

Toxico-infectious botulism

Answer 40

Wounds/ suckling foals

Question 41

What is the pathogenesis of botulism?

Answer 41

Blocked ACh release

Question 42

What clinical signs may be observed with botulism?

Answer 42

Ataxia, recumbency, dysphagia, dyspnoea, shaker foals, death within 10 days

Question 43

What antibiotic may be useful in cases of clostridial ingestion?

Answer 43

Penicillins

Question 44

What clinical signs may be observed with tetanus?

Answer 44

Elevated tail head, prolapsed 3rd eyelid, sweating, stiff gait, lock jaw, ulceration, ears erect, head extended

Question 45

What antibiotic maybe useful with tetanus infection?

Answer 45

Metronidazole

Question 46

Why may ACP be useful in cases of tetanus?

Answer 46

Muscle relaxation