EQ1 Flashcards
1a) rural to urban migration within countries: China
- driven by global shift, mass migration beneficial for Chinas growing economy
since 1978… relocation of 400 million people (largest r-> u migration)
(lack of opportunity in rural areas… 362 million live on <$2 a day (most from rural areas))
1a) international migration: The Schengen Agreement
year? 1995!!!
abolished border controls within the EU enabling passport free movement across most EU member states (26 Schengen countries- 4 non EU)
since 1995, millions of EU citizens have moved freely across the Schengen area.
:) this has made travel easier and helped fill job vacancies… over 14 million EU citizens now live in another member state (2.8% population)
:( high amounts of asylum seekers, unwanted immigration which puts strain on services (Germany took in 1.1 million asylum seekers until the country in 2015) this has led to tensions
1b) international migration policies: Japan
- declining population: 27% are aged 65+
…… working age predicted to drop by 44 million by 2037 (slowing, sluggish economy)
!!!! only 1.7% are foreign born, migration limited due to language barrier and its closed door policies towards migrants.. deep rooted cultural aversion= homogenous culture !!!!
1b) international migration policies: Australia
- point based system based on skills and employment
!!!! 30% are foreign born !!!! (30% of this are English) - 70% of immigrants accepted into Australia came to fill skills shortages!!!
—- > Australia has an aging population but this is being balanced by young migrants (unlike Japan)
detention of all migrants that arrive without a VISA (demanded by law)
1b) the ‘Ten Pound Poms Scheme’
In 1945… The Ten Pounds Poms Scheme: a colloquial term that enabled British citizens to migrate to Australia for only £10 (children free!) aimed to boost the economy post WW2. (increase the population of Australia and to supply workers for the country’s key industries)
!!!! ATTRACTED OVER 1 MILLION BRITS from 1945-72 !!!!
(scheme ended in 1982, not viable anymore)
1b) international migration policies: Singapore
small island and so relies on immigration to support its emerging economy
!!!! 40% are foreign born !!!!
- great ethnic diversity amongst populations
- many international schools have also been set up to cater education to migrants whose fist language may not be Malay
post 2010.. tensions rising, anti immigration feeling amongst natives..
migration policy is divided into foreign workers and foreign talent
workers (predominantly unskilled) talent (degrees and highly knowledgeable)
1a) The Hukou System (China)
The Hukou system: an internal passport system. If a person leaves a rural area for the city they forfeit their benefits such as education and healthcare.
Migrants that move to cities in search of a better life (job opp/ education/ healthcare etc.) are denied access to the vast amount of resources available.
—- 1/3 of Beijings (20 million) population is made up of migrant workers
In some cases parents leave to work in cities and are unable to return, creating a generation of children left behind. (children must remain in urban areas to get an education)
WHY WAS IT IMPLEMENTED??
slow down the rate of urbanisation, prevention of slums like that in India and S. America.
2a) conflict induced movement: migrants crossing the Mediterranean
in 2015 over 1 million migrants left North Africa and Middle East for Europe (half of those arriving in Europe were from Syria)
- mainly fleeing due to war… aim on arrival to claim asylum
- ran by smugglers, profit prioritised over safety (boats capsizing)
- stepped migratory, most arrive in Greece
1b) increasing international migration
as of 2020, 281 million lived in a country that wasn’t their place of birth (3.6%)
- due to advancement of transport networks allowing people to travel easily to other countries
- rise in global trading has encouraged recent rises as TNCs relocate parts of business to other countries
1c) EU immigration to the UK
most are economic voluntary migrants
- in 2016, 73% of EU nationals came in search of/ because of work
—- non EU: 46% gave studying as their main reason for coming to the UK
between 1993 and 2016
- 2.5 million EU nationals became resident in the UK
- 60% arrived from E. Europe after 8 countries there joined the EU in 2004 (helped fill gaps in UK labour market)
2c) free movement (national): regional movements in the UK
in any year, approx. 10% of people in UK move either locally or in between regions (this regional movement is UNRESTRICTED… linked to changing labour markets)
- north moving south in search of jobs post deindustrialisation eg affluent capital, London (2016: population= 8.7 million) growing knowledge economy
regeneration of large cities attracts young working age, older adults/ families move out into rural
- house prices have tripled and strained services (for some areas)
- skills shortages and ageing population (for others)
3b) labour flows causing tension: Mexico- US border
- by 2015 over 11.7 million Mexican immigrants were living in USA (28% of foreign born population)
- Mexican undocumented immigrants are a significant contributor to the economy (2019 earned $92 billion in household income)
- illegal immigration causing tension (alternating views accelerating this: Trump 2016)
in survey: 41% answers believed that immigrants today burden USA by taking jobs, housing and healthcare (63% of those were Republicans)
3b) labour flows causing tension: between EU states
- Poland losing its population since 1960s (500,000 have migrated to the UK since P joined EU in 2004)
- moving to other EU states :) remittance payments :( lack of working age population, skills shortage, brain drain
