EQ1

Question 1

What is blue water?

Answer 1

Visible
Surface water, supplying rivers, travelling underground, recharging aquifers
Available & recyclable

Question 2

What is green water?

Answer 2

From interception, transpiration by vegetation or evaporation from surfaces
Ecological/hydrological functions

Question 3

What factors affects water supply?

Answer 3

Climate
Geology
River Systems

Question 4

How does climate affect water supply?

Answer 4

Season rainfall variation
Climatic zone variation
High rainfall at equator
Recurring drought in tropical areas
Relief rainfall
CC
Latitude

Question 5

How does latitude affect water supply?

Answer 5

LOW STRESS at equator and ITCZ -> more rainfall

HIGH STRESS at seasonal tropics and poles -> less rainfall

Question 6

What is the ITCZ?

Answer 6

Inter tropical convergence zone

Area encircling Earth where NE and SE trade winds meet

Question 7

How do river systems affect water?

Answer 7

River flow is greater downstream
Higher temperature means more evaporation and more water loss
Seasonal change means variation in discharge and river regime

Question 8

How does geology affect water supply?

Answer 8

Impermeable means more surface run off so high drainage density
Permeable means large quantities can be stored

Question 9

What are examples of permeable rock?

Answer 9

Limestone, chalk, porous, sandstone

Question 10

How is water finite?

Answer 10

97. 5% in oceans

2. 5% in freshwater

Question 11

Where is the freshwater located?

Answer 11

80% in trapped ice, snow and permafrost
20% in groundwater
1% easily accessible in lakes, ecosystems, atmosphere and rivers

Question 12

What are some stresses of water?

Answer 12

Agriculture
Industry
Domestic

Question 13

How is agriculture a water stress?

Answer 13

Food demands
Irrigation/water storage
Poor management results in fertiliser pollution, seepage, salinization, evaporation problems
Pop. growth
Inefficient as beef has 10 times more water cost than rice
Uses 69% of freshwater

Question 14

How is industry a water stress?

Answer 14

Increasing industrialisation in India and China
HEP
Pollution
Often more efficient water use than agriculture

Question 15

How is domesticity a water stress?

Answer 15

Smallest use of water - 10%
Huge variations between countries
Huge variation in quality
Demand is doubling every 20 years

Question 16

What are the sources of water?

Answer 16

Surface Water
- rivers, lakes, reservoirs
- dams
Aquifers

Question 17

How are dams a water source?

Answer 17

In the ST bring HEP
Flood control
Water supply
LT environmental and social impacts

Question 18

How do aquifers work?

Answer 18

Sole source of drinking water for 1/4 of the population
Makes up 3/4 of Europe’s drinking water
It is abstracted faster than it is replaces in Middle East
Over abstraction

Question 19

What is the over abstraction

Answer 19

LT costs
Reduction in water supply
Lowering water table
Seawater contamination

Question 20

Define water stress

Answer 20

When the annual water supply per person is less than 1700m3

Question 21

Define water scarcity

Answer 21

When the annual water supply per person is less than 1000m3

Question 22

Define physical scarcity

Answer 22

When more than 75% of the country/region’s river flows are used

Question 23

Define economic scarcity

Answer 23

When the development of blue water flow sources are limited by human and financial capacities

Question 24

What human impacts are there on water?

Answer 24

Pollution
Abstraction
Deforestation
Over irrigation (raises water table)
Cloud Seeding with silver iodide

Question 25

How does pollution affect water?

Answer 25

Sewage disposal - typhoid, cholera, hepatitis Chemical fertilisers runoff into rivers & groundwater (eutrophication) Industrial waste is pumped into rivers, oceans, waterways Big dams trap sediment -> reduces floodplain fertility -> reduces nutrient flow ->damage fish & beach formation -> exposes so greater erosion

Question 26

How does abstraction affect water?

Answer 26

Lowers water table Seawater contamination Rainfall can't recharge stores in arid areas Salt water incursion

Question 27

What is salt water incursion?

Answer 27

Removing freshwater upsets the balance of freshwater and saline

Question 28

How does deforestation affect water?

Answer 28

Reduces evapotranspiration | Increases surface run off

Question 29

Define water insecurity

Answer 29

Not having access to sufficient safe water

Question 30

What 3 factors affect water security?

Answer 30

Availability - supply & distribution network Access - Freedom to use & income to buy Usage - entitlement to & understanding of use and health issues

Question 31

What does the Water Poverty Index involve?

Answer 31

``` Resources Access Capacity Use Environment ```

Question 32

How is water wealth or improved water a lubricant of development?

Answer 32

Improved water -> sanitation -> food production -> better health -> wellbeing Water wealth -> irrigation -> energy -> economic growth

Question 33

How can you interfere with the water cycle?

Answer 33

Precipitation (deforestation, global CC) River runoff (Dam construction, abstraction) Groundwater availability (Infiltration rate, over abstraction, groundwater mining, land use change, over irrigation) Pollution Cloud seeding

Question 34

What is the hydrological balance and how is it affected?

Answer 34

Mass balance change = water in - water out Water in: climate, geology, quality, duration of flow Water out: extraction, evaporation

Question 35

What is the difference between a confined and unconfined aquifer?

Answer 35

Unconfined has permeable rock on top so water enters to refill and escapes out Confined has impermeable rock all around so no water leaves or enter, has to be recharged

Question 36

What are the positives and negatives of overextraction/overabstraction?

Answer 36

``` + water supply increases + better sanitation + lowers water borne disease rate + improved health & general welfare + used to support industries & creates better water infrastructure - potential for conflict - not sustainable for future use ```

Question 37

What are the key players in water use?

Answer 37

Consumers Gov. Water companies

Question 38

How have players failed?

Answer 38

GOV. - lack of quality standards - no policing/resolving conflict - not providing infrastructure (dams, desalination plants, pipelines) WATER COMPANIES - capitalist economy - not delivering/managing in a safe/reliable/cost effective way - privatisation means profits are prioritised before the people - TNCs don't have the same interests as local companies CONSUMERS - excessive use - contribute to 'grey' water - demand increasing for lower prices

Question 39

What is grey water?

Answer 39

polluted water

Question 40

What are the different layers of the Earth's atmosphere?

Answer 40

``` Atmosphere - gases surrounding Earth Hydrosphere - water on Earth's surface & clouds Cryosphere - frozen earth Biosphere - where living organisms are Lithosphere - crust and upper mantle ```

Question 41

How would each atmosphere layer affect water supply?

Answer 41

Atmosphere (high light sun intensity means more evaporation) Hydrosphere (Condensation means more rainfall) Cryosphere (warmer temps means more meltwater) Biosphere (More vegetation means more canopy, less soil erosion and less surface run off) Lithosphere (surface run-off affected by geology permeability)