EQ1

Question 1

What are the names of the three cells at the equator?

Answer 1

Hadley
Ferrel
Polar

Question 2

What does difference in temperature cause?

Answer 2

Differences in air pressure

Question 3

What is insolation?

Answer 3

The solar radiation that reaches the earths surface.

This is greater at the equator than the po

Question 4

How does heat get transferred away from the equator?

Answer 4

Winds blow from ateas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

Winds are part of global atmospheric circulation loops called cells. These loops have warm rising air which creates a low pressure belt, and cool falling air which creates a high pressure belt.

Question 5

What is the Coriolis force?

Answer 5

A strong Force created by the earths rotation

Question 6

Describe what happens at a Hadley cell?

Answer 6

At the equator the Sun warms the Earth which transfers heat to the air above causing it to rise. This creates a low-pressure belt. As the air rises it calls and condenses forming clouds and rain

The cool dry air moves out to 30° north and south of the equator

Question 7

What happens at a Ferrel Cell?

Answer 7

The cool air sinks creating a high-pressure about with cloudless skies and very low rainfall. The cool air reaches the ground surface and moves as surface winds either back to the equator or towards the poles.

Trade winds blow from the southEast in the southern hemisphere and from the north east in the northern hemisphere. At the equator the trade winds meet and are heated by the Sun. This causes them to rise and form clouds

Question 8

What are tradewinds?

What are westerlies?

Answer 8

Trade winds are surface wind blowing towards the Equator

Westerlies are surface winds blowing towards the poles

Question 9

What happens at a polar cell?

Answer 9

The warmer surface wins meet colder air from the polls. The warm air is less dense than the cold air so it forced to rise creating low-pressure and frontal rain (rain that forms where the warm and cold air masses meet.

Some of the air moves back towards the equator and the rest moves towards the poles. At the poles the cool air sinks creating high-pressure

Question 10

What are ocean currents?

Answer 10

Ocean currents are large-scale movement of water that transfer heat energy from warmer to cooler regions

Question 11

What are the two different type of water currents?

Answer 11

Deep ocean currents-these are driven by differences in water density

Surface currents-these are caused by wins that help transfer heat away from the equator

Question 12

How do deep ocean currents form?

Answer 12

When water freezes at the polls, the surrounding water get saltier, increasing its density.

As it gets denser, it sinks, causing warmer water to flow into the surface creating a current

This warm water is cooled and sinks continuing the cycle

Question 13

What is this cycle of cooling and sinking known as?

Answer 13

Thermohaline circulation

Question 14

What do pressure belt caused by global atmospheric circulation cause?

Answer 14

They cause variations in climate

Question 15

What is the most recent geological time period called?

Answer 15

Quaternary period

Question 16

What was the period before the Quaternary period like e.g. the climate?

Answer 16

The earths climate was warmer and quite stable

Question 17

What are some of the natural causes for climate change

Answer 17

Orbital changes
Volcanic activity
Solar output
Astroid collisions

Question 18

How does orbital change cause climate change

Answer 18

Orbital changes are variations in the way the Earth moves around the sun

There are three cycles:

• stretch: the path of the earths orbit around the Sun changes from almost perfect circle to an eclipse and back again about every 96,000 years
• tilt:The earths axis is tilted at an angle as it orbits the sun. This tilt changes over a cycle of about 41,000 years
• wobble: the axis of the Earth wobbles like a spinning top on a cycle of about 22,000 years

The cycles affect the amount of solar radiation of the seeds. If the Earth receives more energy it gets warmer

Question 19

How does volcanic activity cause climate change?

Answer 19

Major volcanic eruptions eject large quantities of material into the atmosphere

Some of these particles reflect the suns rays back out to space so the earths surface cools

Volcanic activity may cause short-term climate change

Question 20

How does solar output cause climate change

Answer 20

The suns output of energy isn’t constant-it changes in short cycles of about 11 years and possibly also the longest cycles of several hundred years

Periods when solar output is reduced may cause the earths climate to become cooler

Question 21

How do astroid collisions cause climate change?

Answer 21

Astroid hitting the Earth surface can throw up huge amounts of dust into the atmosphere

These particles prevent the suns energy from reaching the Earth surface of the global temperatures fall

Some scientists believe that an astroid collision caused a period of global calling around 12,000 years ago

Question 22

How have scientists gathered evidence for natural climate change

Answer 22

Tree rings
Historical records
Ice cores

Question 23

How are tree rings evidence for natural climate change

Answer 23

Most trees produce one ring within their trunks every year

The thickness of the rain depends on the climber when the ring was formed

when it’s warmer the tree rings are thicker

Scientist take cores through tree trunks then date on the train by counting them back from when the call was taken. By looking at the thickness of the rings they can see what the climate was like a

Question 24

How are ice cores evidence for climate change

Answer 24

Ice sheets or made up of layers of ice. One layer is formed each year
Scientists drill into ice sheets to get long cores of ice

By analysing the gases e.g. carbon dioxide trapped in the layers of life they can tell what the temperature was each year

Question 25

How are historical records evidence for natural climate change

Answer 25

Since the 1850s global temperatures have been measured accurately using for memos. This gives us a reliable but shorter record of temperature change

Historical records e.g. diaries in paintings and extend the record of climate change a bit further back

For example historical diary in the past e.g. by giving the number of days of rain or snow and the date of harvest, and early harvest suggests the warm weather

Paintings of fairs and markets on frozen rivers show that winters in Europe were regularly much colder 100 years ago and they are now

Question 26

What do gases in the atmosphere do

Answer 26

Gases in the atmosphere naturally act like an insulating layer. They let shortwave radiation in, but trap longwave radiation, helping to keep the Earth at the right temperature

Question 27

What are gases that trap heat called?

Answer 27

Greenhouse gases

Question 28

How does farming make the greenhouse affect stronger

Answer 28

Farming:
-farming of livestock produces a lot of me fine

• rice paddies contribute to global warming, because it flooded feels emits methane
• trees absorb and store carbon dioxide. When land is cleared of trees for agriculture it stops the absorption of carbon dioxide which needs more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Question 29

How does energy make the greenhouse affect stronger

Answer 29

CO2 is released into the atmosphere when fossil feels like coal and Oil are burnt

Question 30

How does transport make the greenhouse affect stronger

Answer 30

Most cars Laurie ships and planes vinyl fossil feels which release greenhouse gases were burnt

Car ownership is rapidly increasing

This means there are more cars on the roads

This increases congestion. As a result car engines are running for longer so the amount of greenhouse gases released increases

Question 31

How does industry make the greenhouse affect stronger

Answer 31

Industrial processes release greenhouse gases e.g. cement is made from limestone which contains carbon. When cement is produced lots of CO2 is released into the atmosphere

Industrial waste may end up in landfill sites where it decays releasing methane

Question 32

How is declining Arctic ice evidence that human activity is causing climate change

Answer 32

Sea ice forms around the poles in winter when ocean temperatures fall below -1.8°C and melts during the summer when it’s warmer

The extent of Arctic sea ice in winter has decreased by more than 3% each decade over the past 35 years

Question 33

How is global temperature rise evidence for human activity causing climate change

Answer 33

Temperatures have increased by nearly 1°C since 1880 and expected to rise by 0.3 to 4.8°C between 2005 and 2100. The top 10 warmest years since records began have all been since the year 2000

Question 34

How is extreme weather events evidence that human activities cause of climate change

Answer 34

Since 1950 there has been a higher frequency of heat waves in many areas and fewer cold weather extremes

In the UK more rainfall records were broken in 2010 to 2014 then in any decade on record even after only half a decade.

Question 35

How are rising sea levels and warming oceans evidence that human activity is causing climate change

Answer 35

Since 19 01C levels have risen by almost 0.2 m. Scientists have highlighted two factors behind this rise:

• warmer temperatures are causing glaciers to shrink and ice sheets to melt causing sea levels rise
• water in the ocean expand as it gets warmer. This is known as thermal expansion

Question 36

How could climate change have impacts on people

Answer 36

Deaths due to heat have increased but deaths due to cold have decreased

Some areas could become so hot and dry that the difficult or impossible to inhabit. This could lead to migration and overcrowding in other areas

Lower crop yields could increase malnutrition, ill health and death from starvation