EQ1: How and why do places vary? Flashcards by MADI CRAIG

What are the five different economic sectors?

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
quinary

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What does the primary sector consist of?

Extraction of raw materials, from the ground or the sea, such as agriculture, forestry, mining or fishing.

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Give examples of primary sector jobs.

farmer
fisherman
miner

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What areas tend to have more primary employment?

Rural areas. Tends to be low-paid, manual work.

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List specific UK examples with more primary employment.

Cornwall
Boston
Derbyshire

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What does the secondary sector consist of?

Manufacturing and processing of raw materials into goods.

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Give examples of secondary sector jobs.

Factory worker e.g car manufacturing/food processing

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What areas tend to have more secondary employment?

Northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow, but this has declined over time.

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List specific UK examples with more secondary employment.

Manchester
Sheffield
Glasgow
Swindon (Honda)
Sunderland (Nissan)

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What does the tertiary sector consist of?

Service sector jobs, such as retail, services, and office work.

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Give examples of tertiary sector jobs.

teaching
tourism
banking
education
healthcare

Can vary from cleaners on minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers.

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What areas tend to have more tertiary employment?

Urban areas.

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List specific UK examples with more tertiary employment.

So many places have tertiary employment!

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What does the quaternary sector consist of?

High tech, scientific research. Research and development. ICT. Design.

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Give examples of quaternary sector jobs.

Mostly in universities:
• PhD student
• computer scientist
• research worker
• media

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What areas tend to have more quaternary employment?

London

* South East England

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What changes in the economic sectors have arisen in the UK?

the decline of the primary and secondary sectors

* the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors

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In Great Britain 1841, what percentage of jobs were in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors?

36% worked in the secondary sector
33% in the tertiary sector (services, quaternary and quinary)
22% in the primary sector

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In England and Wales in 2011, what percentage of jobs were in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors?

81% worked in the tertiary sector
9% in the secondary
1% in the primary

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How can employment type be classified?

full time (35 hours per week) or part time (under 35 hours)
temporary or permanent
employed or self-employed

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What does the quinary sector consist of?

Knowledge management and consultancy, leadership and CEOs.

The sector is contains the highest levels of decision making in an economy - the top business executives and officials in government, science, universities, non-profit organisations, healthcare, culture and the media.

It is concentrated in STEM employment.

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What is the quinary sector an important aspect of?

The increasing knowledge economy, creating prosperity in areas of the UK like the Cambridge triangle, M4 corridor and London.

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Give examples of places embracing the growth of employment sectors.

Manchester
London
the M4 corridor

These places become WINNERS.

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Give examples of quinary sector jobs.

management consultants

* CEOs

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What areas tend to have more quinary employment?

* London | * South East England

On average, how much more are men paid than women?

Men are paid 10% more than women, however this has and is narrowing.

What kind of work often has low pay?

Temporary and seasonal work e.g tourism and agriculture

What is the Clark Fisher model?

Shows the changes in employment through a period of time e.g pre-industrial - the primary sector dominates (farming and mining) , industrial - growth of secondary and to support population

What does the Clark-Fisher hypothesis state?

That development will eventually lead to the majority of the labour force working in the service sector.

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: Where is Reading located?

Southern England

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: Where is Middlesbrough located?

Northeast England

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: Reading and Middlesbrough are similar sized areas, what is the population of the two places?

They both have a population of approximately 170,000.

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: How many more professionals does Reading have compared to Middlesbrough?

More than twice the number of professionals, but far fewer skilled trades, caring and leisure workers and people employed in manual work.

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What percentage of people in Reading are in professional jobs e.g lawyers/doctors?

28.7%

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What percentage of people in Middlesbrough are in professional jobs e.g lawyers/doctors?

13.6%

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What percentage of people in Reading are in manual work?

9.6%

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What percentage of people in Middlesbrough are in manual work?

16.7%

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: Out of Reading and Middlesbrough, which place is considered more economically successful?

Reading

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: In 2015, what was the average hourly pay for a male worker in Reading + Middlesbrough?

Middlesbrough ➡ £12.50 (earning £532 in full time employment) Reading ➡ £14.80 (£605 per week in full employment)

𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬: What are the reasons for these economic differences in Reading and Middlesbrough?

* in 2014, 22.5% of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, versus 11.5% in Reading * in 2014, 19% had a University level qualification in Middlesbrough, but 43% in Reading * Middlesbrough's manual workers earn about £350 a week, whereas Reading's professional ear about £700 * temporary, low paid and 'zero-hours contract' work is more common in Middlesbrough, meaning people have lower job and income security. * there is a difference in life expectancy: a male born in 2014 in Middlesbrough - 77, the same male born in 2014 in Reading - 81 * health (measured by the percentage of long term sick and disabled) is very high in Middlesbrough (7%) compared to Reading. (3%)

What does the uSwitch Index combine to rank UK regions' quality of life?

* housing affordability * energy costs * broadband availability * average incomes * crime rates

Where were the highest median earning in 2011 found in the UK?

South-west London

What cities tend to have lower average pay than elsewhere?

Older, industrial cities. However the lowest rates are in north-west Wales.

What is quality of life?

A measure of the well-being and life-satisfaction of people living in a particular place.

What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation?

The government's geographical measure of multiple deprivation that takes into account 7 types of deprivation and combines them into one index in England and Wales.

What are the 7 types of deprivation that the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) takes into account?

``` ➊ Income ➋ Education ➌ Employment ➍ Barriers to housing and services ➎ Health + disability ➏ Crime ➐ Living environment ```

Index of Multiple Deprivation: The lower the number...

the more deprived an area is.

Index of Multiple Deprivation: The higher the number...

the less deprived an area is.

Over time, what have places changed?

Their functions and demographic characteristics.

Define function.

The activities that take place in a particular area or location.

What might regeneration try to do as the landscapes produced by the functions are rapidly changing due to internet and broadband and changing customer habits?

Counteract "cloning" of land uses and encourage specific place identities to draw customers back

As few places are static, what does this result in?

Change affecting places continually.

Give examples of economic functions in the land use of urban and rural places.

* Administrative: council offices, schools and other public services like clinics and hospitals * Commercial: offices of service industries * Retail * Industrial: factories, warehouses and distribution centres

In Reading, why have commercial functions grown?

Due to the success of the area's service sector, plus the location of some companies in the quaternary industrial sector such as Microsoft and Intel.

What is ethnic composition?

The ethnic group make-up of a population.

What percentage of the population are white in Reading compared to Middlesbrough? What does this suggest?

65% of Reading's residents were white British compared to 86% in Middlesbrough. ` Greater ethnic diversity in Reading suggests a more successful place that has attracted economic migrants.

Over time, why do the places where people choose to live change?

As the inhabitants reshape and reconfigure them to meet their shifting needs and priorities.

What are demographic changes?

Changes in the population characteristics of a place. This could be the number of people or the types of people.

Why do groups settle in certain areas of the UK?

* language * community * cost of living

What is gentrification?

A change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location.

EQ1: How and why do places vary? Flashcards

(60 cards)