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Tectonics > EQ2 > Flashcards

EQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A natural event that causes disruption to daily lives or death and destruction. Can be different in size depending on magnitude/intensity

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2
Q

What is a disaster?

A

Occurs when the scale of impact of a natural disaster is great. It is measured by the number of deaths.

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3
Q

What is catastrophe?

A

a disaster that has profound impacts on life and property.

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4
Q

What is a risk?

A

the probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences.

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5
Q

What is vulnerability?

A

The extent to which a community could be damaged or disrupted by a hazard

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6
Q

What is resilience?

A

The ability of a community or society to withstand the effects of a natural hazard through methods of adaptation and recovery.

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7
Q

Factors affect vulnerability:

A
  • the location of settlements
    -people’s ability to prepare, react and withstand
    -present of warning systems
    -local people in planning and preparation
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8
Q

What is the hazard risk equation?

A

RISK= HAZARD X VULNERABILITY

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9
Q

What does the hazard risk equation show?

A

Consideration of the hazard (e.g- type of hazard and magnitude)
vulnerability of people and systems and capacity to recover.

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10
Q

What does the Pressure and release (PAR) model show?

A

the links between natural disaster, risks and vulnerability.

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11
Q

What does the PAR model look like?

A

Vulnerability on the left:
-Root causes
-dynamic pressure
-unsafe conditions
Hazard on the right

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12
Q

What are the root causes that affect vulnerability?

A

Governance (local and national) and political and economic systems

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13
Q

How do governance and political and economic systems affect vulnerability? (7)

A

-Enforcement of building codes and regulations determine the quality and safety.
-The quality of the existing infrastructure affects recovery speed.
-disaster preparedness plans influence how quickly a country responds.
-Efficiency of emergency services.
-Quality of communication systems, affects ability to inform other countries.
-existence of practiced earthquake drills.
-the level of corruption of government influences how resources are used.

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14
Q

How do dynamic pressure affect vulnerability?

A

Economic and social conditions:
- the level of wealth influences people’s ability to protect themselves and recover.
-People without access to education may be less aware of hazard risks.
-Poor quality housing- more destruction
-Communities with poor health care- suffer from disease and are less able to cope.
-A lack of income opportunities means people cannot buy resources they need to prepare or cope with a hazard.

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15
Q

How does unsafe living conditions affect vulnerability?

A

-areas with high populations have more low-quality housing.
-Rapid urbanization (moving to cities) creates a need for more housing- quickly built and poor quality.
-The accessibility of an area affects how quickly rescuers and aid can arrive.

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16
Q

Name:
-an emerging country
-a developing country
-a developed country

A
  • China
    -Haiti
    -Japan
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17
Q

When did Haiti’s earthquake occur?

A

12 January 2010

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18
Q

What was Haiti’s earthquake magnitude?

A

7

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19
Q

What physical factors played a part in making Haiti earthquake so devastating?

A
  • Shallow focus (13km)- increased the amount of ground shaking.
    -Liquefaction on looser solid caused buildings to sink.
    -epicentre was only 24km from Port Au Prince (capital). most densely populated city.
    -Dense urban environment made it difficult for rescue teams to work.
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20
Q

What governmental factors made Haiti’s impacts worse?

A

-high level of corruption led to a lack of resources.
-No commitment to improve the country’s infrastructure and living standards.
-A lack of disaster preparation- no one knew what to do when earthquake occured.

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21
Q

How did developmental factors make Haiti’s impacts worse?

A

-poor- limited resources were being spent, as they spent more on issues such as disease.
-A lack of building controls and regulation meant that many buildings in Port-Au-Prince were poorly built slums.
-0% buildings are contructed with earthquakes in mind.

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22
Q

What were the impacts of Haiti’s earthquake?

A
  • infrastructure, which was already poor, severely damaged during the earthquake.
    -Haiti only has one airport, several ports and a few main roads. These became damaged, crucial aid supplies were prevented from arriving- slowing down rescue efforts.
    -Over 1/4 of gov officials were killed, gov buildings destroyed- made gov even less able to organise recovery.
    -October 2010- outbreak of colera occured, 2016-> still ongoing.
    -Lack of medical supplied and health care workers caused disease to spread.
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23
Q

How many people died and were affected from Haiti?

A
  • over 9,000 Haitan’s had died.
    -720,000 had been affected.
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24
Q

How much international aid was donated to Haiti in order for it to recover?

A

$13 billion, most of it remained in the hands of international organisations, Haitian government controlling less than 10%

25
Q

Why did international organisations chose to manage project themselves to help Haiti recover?

A

Political corruption meant the organisations were unwilling to channel aid money through Haitian government directly.

26
Q

When did China’s earthquake occur?

A

12 May 2008

27
Q

What magnitude was China’s earthquake?

A

7.9 struck Sichuan.

28
Q

What governmental factors affected China’s impacts?

A

-Before the earthquake, corrupt gov officials ignored building codes and accepted bribes to allow builders to take short cuts.
-China’s strong central government was able to respond quickly and effectively to the disaster:
1)Within hours 130,000 soldiers and relief workers were being sent to affected areas. Troops parachuted into isolated mountainous areas.
2)Medical services quickly restored- avoid disease.
3) People in danger from landslides were quickly relocated.
4)Gov pledged $US10 billion for rebuilding works
5)Within two weeks, temporary homes, road and bridges built.
ROOT CAUSE LEVEL- corruption of local gov officials means unsafe buildings still occur.
- Didn’t accept help from other countries.

29
Q

What were the impacts from the Chinese Earthquake?

A
  • over 45.5 million affected.
    -5 million made homeless.
    -triggered landslides that led to death.
    -thousands of school fell (killing 5335 children)
30
Q

What developmental factors might have affected China’s earthquakes impacts?

A

-China has more money, had the money to pay for resucue and aid efforts.
-Poorly consructed buildings could not withstand ground shaking and collapsed.
-Earthquakes location meant damage was in rural areas and small towns.

31
Q

When did Japan’s earthquake occur?

A

11 March 2011

32
Q

What magnitude was Japan’s earthquake and where did it strike?

A

a magnitude 9 earthquake, struck underneath the pacific ocean

33
Q

What were the impacts from the Japanese earthquake?

A

-caused a tsunami
-The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant was damaged- released dangerous levels of radiation into the air (47,000 evacuated).

34
Q

What governmental factors helped before during and after the Japanese earthquake to reduce the impacts?

A

-very well developed disaster plans.
-gov responded immediately. Within 24 hours, 110,000 defence troops had been mobilised.
- The bank of Japan offered US $183 billion to Japanese banks.
-Japan quickly accepted help from over 20 countries.

35
Q

What developmental factors helped before during and after the earthquake to reduce impacts?

A

-Japan had the financial resources and commitment.
Good building contruction:
-strict building regulations meant that Japanese buildings could withstand an earthquake (75% built with earthquakes in mind)
-Low level of corruption- building regulations were strictly enforced.
Well developed disaster plans:
- ten metre high walls if vulnerable to tsunami.
-evacuation shelters, marked evacuation routes.
- offices and homes equipped with emergency kits (water and medical supplies)
-Education and preparedness. Emergency drills practiced.

36
Q

How does a moment magnitude scale (MMS) measure magnitude?

A

-Logarithmic scale where each level has 10 times the energy of the level below.
-Earthquake scale (1-9)
-Measures amount of energy released.

37
Q

How does a mercalli scale measure intensity?

A
  • scale of 1-12
    -Measures the experienced impacts of an earthquake.
38
Q

How does Volcanic explosivity Index (VEI) measure volcanoes?

A

A measure of the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption.
-calculated from height of eruption cloud, volume of products.
-logarithmic 100 x than level below.

39
Q

What is a hazard profile?

A

A diagram that shows the main characteristics of different types of tectonic hazard.
-compares characteristics and impacts of tectonic hazards.

40
Q

Why are hazard profiles useful?

A

-help government and other organisations to develop disaster pans.
-plan for future disasters and evacuation plans.

41
Q

What are the six characteristics shown on a hazard profile?

A

1) magnitude
2)Speed of ofset
3)Duration
4)Spatial predictability
5)Areal extent
6)Frequency

42
Q

How does spacial predictability affect impact of tectonic hazards?

A

An area that has never had an event will experience greater impacts as people and places are unprepared.

43
Q

How does speed of onset affect the impact of tectonic hazards?

A

The faster the event occurs, the shorter the warning time and the greater the impacts as places are unprepared.

44
Q

How does duration affect the impact of tectonic hazards?

A

The longer an event lasts, the more likely there will be greater impacts.

45
Q

How does areal extent affect the impact of tectonic hazards?

A

The larger the area affected by an event, the more people will be impacted.

46
Q

How does frequency affect the impact of tectonic hazards?

A

An event that occurs more often is likely to create cumulative impacts.

47
Q

How do hazard profiles help with the PAR model?

A

By profiling vulnerabilities (using the PAR model) and the hazard (using hazard bi-polar scale) we have a greater understanding of the overall tectonic risk (vulnerabilities x hazard)

48
Q

How does unequal education influence vulnerability and resilience?

A
  • do not know about tectonic processes and hazards or what actions to take.
    -These people are unable to participate in decision making and planning.
49
Q

How does unequal access to housing influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

Some people are poor and so do not live in strong buildings that can withstand hazards.
-however, richer people who have better housing may be on a coast or steep sloped (risk of tsunamis and landslides)

50
Q

How does unequal access to healthcare influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

Developing countries, may lack doctors and medicines.
-During a hazard people need medical care for injuries and after to stop diseases spreading.

51
Q

How does unequal access to income opportunities influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

-those formally employed have a regular wage.
-Those in informal sector or unemployed do not have a regular wage.
-poorer people can’t save for safety improvements, insurance. -might also live in risky areas.

52
Q

How does urbanisation influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

Urban areas are growing rapidly, buildings are being built quickly meaning they are not aseismic.

53
Q

How does urbanisation influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

Urban areas are growing rapidly, buildings are being built quickly meaning they are not aseismic.

54
Q

How does population density influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

The denser the population, the larger the number of people that will be affected

55
Q

How does accessibility influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

Some countries are isolated by distance or physical barriers.
This can cause problems as aid will be difficult to deliver

56
Q

How does governance influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

Corruption prevents investment in hazard mitigation and adaptation such as stronger housing.
Weak government preparations may mean preparations for hazards are low.

56
Q

How does governance influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

Corruption prevents investment in hazard mitigation and adaptation such as stronger housing.
Weak government preparations may mean preparations for hazards are low.

56
Q

How does governance influence vulnerability and resilience?

A

Corruption prevents investment in hazard mitigation and adaptation such as stronger housing.
Weak government preparations may mean preparations for hazards are low.

Tectonics (1 decks)

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