EQ2

Question 1

what are the erosion processes?

Answer 1

hydraulic action
corrosion
abrasion
attrition

Question 2

what influences the erosion processes?

Answer 2

wave type
size
lithology

Question 3

what distinctive coastal features does erosion create?

Answer 3

wave cut notches
wave cut platforms
cliffs
crack cave arch stack stump

Question 4

what is sediment transportation influenced by?

Answer 4

angle of wave attack
tides and currents
process of longshore drift

Question 5

which distinctive coastal landforms to transportation and deposition processes produce?

Answer 5

beaches
recurved and double spits
offshore bars
barrier beaches and bars
tombolos
cuspate forelands

Question 6

what are the subaerial processes?

Answer 6

mass movement and weathering.

Question 7

what are the types of weathering?

Answer 7

mechanical
chemical
biological

Question 8

what are examples of mass movement?

Answer 8

blockfall
rotational slumping
landslides

Question 9

what distinctive landforms does mass movement create?

Answer 9

rotational scars
talus scree slopes
terraced cliff profiles

Question 10

why is weathering important?

Answer 10

it is important in sediment production and influences rates of erosion.

Question 11

what does wave size depend on?

Answer 11

strength+duration of wind
water depth
fetch

Question 12

what is the process of a wave breaking?

Answer 12

at a water depth of about half the wavelength, the internal orbital motion of water in the wave touches the sea bed. this creates friction between the wave and the sea bed slowing down the wave. as the waves approach shore, wavelength decreases and height increases, causing waves to bunch together. the crest begins to move forward faster than the trough-when it outruns the trough the wave breaks.

Question 13

what do summer beach profiles look like?

Answer 13

constructive waves
berm
sloping upwards steadily
steeper

Question 14

what do winter beach profiles look like?

Answer 14

destructive plunging waves
bars
troughs/runnels
less steep, more variable

Question 15

what do storm beaches look like?

Answer 15

high at the back of the beach- result from high energy deposition of v coarse sediment during the most severe storms.

Question 16

what are offshore bars formed by?

Answer 16

destructive wave erosion and their deposition of sand and shingle offshore.

Question 17

what are the sediment transport processes?

Answer 17

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

Question 18

what is saltation?

Answer 18

sediment bounces along because of the force of the water or the wind.

Question 19

what are the 2 main ways deposition can occur?

Answer 19

gravity settling

flocculation

Question 20

what is gravity settling?

Answer 20

occurs when the energy of transporting water becomes too low to move sediment.

Question 21

what is flocculation?

Answer 21

depositional process that’s important for small particles- they clump together because of chemical attraction and become large enough to sink.

Question 22

why do spits happen at the turn of the coast?

Answer 22

the LSD current spreads out and loses energy, leading to deposition.

Question 23

why do tombolos form?

Answer 23

wave refraction around an island, creating an area of calm water and deposition between the island and the coast.

Question 24

what is another word for a bar?

Answer 24

barrier beach

Question 25

why do hooked/recurved spits occur?

Answer 25

Refraction around the end of a spit curves it into a “hook”-end curved landward, into bay or inlet.

Question 26

what is a cuspate foreland?

Answer 26

triangular shaped depositional feature

Question 27

how are cuspate forelands formed?

Answer 27

YEET they don't know- maybe LSD from 2 directions

Question 28

what are the sources of a sediment cell?

Answer 28

``` offshore bars river systems erosion of cliffs aeolian (wind blown) sediment weathering and mass movement (subaerial processes) ```

Question 29

what are the transfer zones of a sediment cell?

Answer 29

``` (LSD and offshore currents) beaches parts of dunes salt marshes tides ```

Question 30

what are 2 examples of negative feedback mechanisms in sediment cells?

Answer 30

1) large cliff collapse occurs. rock debris at base of cliff protects it from wave attack, slowing down erosion. 2) major erosion of sand dunes could lead to excessive deposition offshore, creating an offshore bar that reduces wave energy allowing dunes a chance to recover.

Question 31

what is a sediment cell an example of?

Answer 31

dynamic equilibrium

Question 32

what are the 3 types of weathering?

Answer 32

mechanical chemical biological

Question 33

2 types of mechanical weathering?

Answer 33

``` freeze thaw salt crystallisation (growth of salt crystals in cracks exerting breaking force) ```

Question 34

3 types of chemical weathering?

Answer 34

carbonation-rain (dilute carbonic acid) dissolving limestone hydrolysis-breakdown of minerals due to the effect of CO2 and H2O oxidation- forms iron oxides increasing volume of material contributing to mechanical weathering

Question 35

2 types of biological weathering?

Answer 35

plant roots | rock boring- clams and molluscs that bore into rock + secrete chemicals that dissolve rock.

Question 36

what are 3 types of mass movement?

Answer 36

blockfall rotational slumping landslides

Question 37

what landform can blockfall create?

Answer 37

talus scree slopes

Question 38

what landforms does rotational slumping create?

Answer 38

back-scar and terraced cliff profile

Question 39

what is rotational slumping?

Answer 39

huge masses of material slowly rotate downslope along a curved failure surface

Question 40

what landforms does erosion create?

Answer 40

wave cut notches, wave cut platforms, cliffs, the cave-arch-stack stump sequence

Question 41

what is sediment transportation influenced by?

Answer 41

angle of wave attack, tides and currents and the process of longshore drift.

Question 42

what coastal landforms do transportation and deposition form?

Answer 42

beaches, recurved and double spits, offshore bars, barrier beaches and bars, tombolos and cuspate forelands

Question 43

what is a double spit and an example?

Answer 43

when there's spits on 2 sides of a river | eg poole harbour

Question 44

what is a recurved spit?

Answer 44

when it hooks twice

Question 45

why does a spit curve?

Answer 45

wave refraction carries material to a more sheltered area and deposits it.

Question 46

how are offshore bars (sandbars) formed?

Answer 46

destructive plunging waves erode sand fro the beach with their strong backwash and deposit it offshore

Question 47

how is a cuspate foreland formed?

Answer 47

LSD from opposite directions form triangular shaped headland extending out from main coastline.

Question 48

how are barrier islands formed?

Answer 48

when barrier beaches (bars) get separated from the mainland

Question 49

what are the 3 aspects of the sediment cell?

Answer 49

sources transfers sinks

Question 50

what type of bedding planes produce the steepest cliffs?

Answer 50

vertical or horizontal

Question 51

which temporal factors affect beach profiles?

Answer 51

over a day eg storm (destructive-constructive) summer + winter changes to climate