EQ3 Flashcards
Trend in Hydrometeorological hazards
Cyclones, floods
Increased over time
Due to climate change
Trend in tectonic disasters
Deaths have fallen (better preparation, management)
More reports of disasters
More people affected (larger populations)
Why is it difficult to record disasters?
No specific time
Unpredictable
Outdated data
Why are countries becoming more vulnerable?
High population, more people in hazard prone areas
Inequality (Netherlands) poor people lose out
Corrupt governments (Chile) hard to distribute aid effectively
Megadisaster
High magnitude, high impact disaster that can affect countries directly or indirectly
How does Iceland show that megadisasters can have a regional and global impact? (Economic and Social)
Social
- Respiratory issues due to emissions from the volcano
- Traffic
- Pollution
Economic
- Fumes caused air congestion, 1.1 billion dollars lost in the airline industry (EU)
- 107,000 flights cancelled
- Coachella artists cancelled
- 65 billion dollars lost Africa (airline and exports)
- Ugandan fish exports and flower exports
- Nissan had to stop production as they could not import a critical sensor (107,000 flights cancelled)
- EU lost 5 billion in exports
Multiple hazard zone
Tectonic hazards, meteorological hazards all linked
Philippines
How can a multiple hazard zone lead to a tectonic disaster?
In the Phillipines Mount Pinatubo errupted
At the same time a typhoon Yunga hit
Rainfall from the typhoon and ash from the volcano
Mixed to produce lahars
Buried farms and killed 1250 people
Why is the Philippines physical location putting it at high risk?
- Located in the pacific ring of fire (site of strong seismic activity and volcanoes)
- Destructive plate boundary (earthquakes and volcanoes)
- Multiple plate boundary increases risk of typhoons and cyclones
Composite volcanoes
They form at a destructive plate boundary
Highly explosive lava
Acidic lava
Why is the pacific ring of fire the most seismically active?
Plates move faster than any other plates in the world
More impact when they collide
Larger disaster
Why is management difficult in the phillipines? (Physical and other)
Physical -
They cant prepare because they are constantly overwhelmed
Ring of fire
Near the equator more cyclones
Other
Insurance companies do not insure them
Corruption in government
Pressure and release model (root cause - weak governance, dynamic pressure - lack of investment, unsafe condition - lack of education)
Widespread inequality and poverty
How has prediction and forecasting turned out in Turkey (Istanbul)?
Effective -
Earthquake patterns along the San Anatolian fault
Disaster training and management
Improve capacity to cope
Ineffective
They do not know where it will hit
Hard to prepare
Corruption within the government
Led to seggregation
Many people wont listen and lack of investment
How can prediction and forecasting be effective (Japan)?
Point 1
Scientists can make statistical projections
Highlight when and where and earthquake is going to happen
Countries can respond by protecting their buildings using external bracing and earthquake bolts
Point 2
Seismic graphs can be used to track s and p waves
Surface waves are more destructive and come after
A response can be prepared before they arrive
Hazard management cycle (four stages)?
- Response
Immediate help (food, shelter) - Recovery
Rebuilding houses and rehabilitating injured people - Mitigation
Reducing future impact of the disaster (land use zoning, hazard mapping) - Preparedness
Community education and resilience
