eq3&4 (havent done lesson that was cover) Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
what are the two debates for whether countries should be able to intervene in other countries using military?
A
- sovereignty is key - basis of international law for many centuries at what point should we undermine this?
- if we allow ourselves to intervene in other countries then we are opening the doors to intervention in our country
2
Q
under the 2005 UN resolution, what does every country have the responsibility to do for their citizens?
A
“responsibility to protect”
citizens from genocide, war crime, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity
3
Q
CASE STUDY: Military Intervention in Libya
what were the human rights violaitions?
A
- 4th March- 6 members of UK SAS are captured and detained in Benghazi
- Gaddafi said he would fight until his ‘last drop of blood’
4
Q
CASE STUDY: Military Intervention in Libya
what were the key points in time leading up to the military intervention?
A
- Jan 2011- wave of popular uprisings sweeps the Arab world starting in Tunisia
- 21st Feb- UK Prime Minister, Cameron, condems the violence by Gaddafi regime as “appalling and unaccetable”
- 22nd Feb- Gaddafi vows to fight until his “last drop of blood”- UK announces plans to evacuate Britons
- 24th Feb- Cameron calls for UN action on Lybia
5
Q
A
6
Q
national sovereignty
A
the idea that eah nation had a right to govern itself without interferance
7
Q
Why don’t countries always intervene where HR violations are executed?
A
- doesn’t benefit them
- may be allies with the people who are violating the HR
- if there is a threat to trade
- expensive
- unpopular in your country
- concerns over ‘other’ hidden costs
- a disregard for national sovereignty
8
Q
what do we look for improvements in to see if intervention was successful?
A
- health
- life expectancy
- GDP per capita
- gender equality
- education
- freedom of speech
- managment of refugees
- democracy
9
Q
What is Amnesty International?
A
It is a global movement of over 10million people and is the wordld largest human rights organisation
10
Q
What were the aims of Amnesty International?
A
- investigate and expose abuses, educate and mobalise the public and help transform societies to create a safer, more just world
- protects people, defending their right to freedom, truth and dignity
11
Q
What is Human Rights Watch?
A
it investigates abuses, exposes facts and pressures those with power to respect rights and secure justice
12
Q
What are the sims of Human Rights Watch?
A
to inestigate HR abuses
13
Q
bilateral aid
A
one country gived to another (an i owe you)
14
Q
multi-lateral aid
A
recieveing aid from multiple sources
15
Q
developmental aid
A
given through investments and loans
16
Q
How many billion dollars did the WB deliver in loans, grants and investments in 2024?
A
$117.5B
17
Q
How much development aid has Hati recieved since 1955?
A
US$38B
18
Q
What percentage of healthcare and percentage of education do NGOs provide in Hati?
A
healthcare- 70%
education- 85%
19
Q
How many cases of cholorea were there in Hati?
A
700,000
20
Q
Was the development aid in Hati successful?
A
No because there was poor monitoring from NGOs
21
Q
What were the types of emergency aid given to Hati after the 2010 earthquake?
A
- humanitarian support
- food, water, medical supplies, shelter
- thousnands of lives were saved, and relief efforts helped prevent further humanitarian crisis
22
Q
What was one failure of the development aid in Hati?
A
limited Hatian gov. involvement- gov. was often sidelined in decision making which underminded long-term planning
23
Q
CASE STUDY: Economic Intervention in Nigeria
What positive effect is the economic intervention having on the economy?
A
- $10B in profit
- 75% of Nigerian gov. income comes from oil
24
Q
CASE STUDY: Economic Intervention in Nigeria
How has the environment been affected by this intervention?
A
- locals damage pipelines which can lead to oil leaks
- trees destoryed
- leaks of a major pipeline caused 11 million gallons of crude oil to spill over a 20m squared area of creaks and swamps
- soil ruined
- fish suffocate in the oil
25
**CASE STUDY: Economic Intervention in Nigeria**
What imapct does the intervention have on people's health?
* gas flares destroy lungs
* life expectancy is 10 years below average
* respiratory illnesses
26
land acquisitions
a continuous issue involving the acquisition of large areas of land in developing countries by domestic and transnational companies, governments and individuals. in some instances, land is simply taken ober and not paid for
27
**CASE STUDY: Land Acquisition in Ethiopia**
Positives of the development
* industrial parks- high paid jobs
* gov. offers long-term land leases to investors which helps with economic growth
* provides child health checks and vaccination programmes
28
**CASE STUDY: Land Acquisition in Ethiopia**
Where can a disregard for HR be seen?
* communities displaced and do not recieve adequate compensation
* undermines food security because farmland is used for other things
29
**CASE STUDY: Land Acquisition in Ethiopia**
Where can a disregard for the environment be seen?
land is used for commercial farming such as palm oil and biofuels so is not protected
30
**CASE STUDY: 2003 Iraq War**
Who were the three key players in the 2003 Iraq war?
1. Tony Blair- UK
2. George Bush- USA
3. Saddam Hussein- Iraq
31
* CASE STUDY: 2003 Iraq War
What did Blair declare in 2003?
"a war on terror"
32
What are some reasons for why a country might want to intervene in another?
* resources
* strategic location
* get rid of an opposing ideologies
* create a "buffer zone"
* country is a threat
* historical links/cultural links
33
**CASE STUDY: 2003 Iraq War**
What was USAs motive for intervention?
* leader of Iraq was the central threat in the middle east
* Hussein said he had WMD and chemical weapons
34
**CASE STUDY: 2003 Iraq War**
What was UKs motive for intervention?
* Iraq has well documented HR violations- e.g. torture camps and beatings
* 4million of the pop. live in 'exil'
* UK will look weak if they don't intervene
35
**CASE STUDY: 2003 Iraq War**
What are the four main motives for intervention?
1. **HR abuses-** Suddam had severe penalties for criminal offences and women lacked basic rights
2. **oil-** $5 trillion worth of oil above and in the ground in Iraq
3. **WMD claims-** claims they don't have any but have used them in the past
4. **democracy-** Bush's plan was to use Iraq as a model for democracy
36
**CASE STUDY: 2003 Iraq War**
Impacts of the war on Iraq
* mixed record of success- overthrew Hussein but riots happened after (power vaccum)
* 2009- Uk left the war
* 2010- USA left the war
* 179,000 civilians died
* 400,000 military personal died
* 2005- first free general election in Iraq for 50 years
37
**CASE STUDY: 2003 Iraq War**
Successes
* removed Hussein and his military
* 2007- the serge- cause a large drop in civilian deaths
38
**CASE STUDY: 2003 Iraq War**
Failures
* USA & UK didn't have a plan for how to rebuild
* terrorist groups moved into Iraq
* it had a prison where prisoners were chained in small containers
* 1 in 5 Iraq children are in danger because of the war
* led to the rise of rebel groups
39
**CASE STUDY: Libyan Intervention**
Successes
* Gaddaffi (leader) was captured and killed
* new gov. formed
* anyone who was involved with Gaddaffi were not allowed into politics
40
**CASE STUDY: Libyan Intervention**
Failures
* people held secret prisons
* country has fallen apart since
* power vaccum led to a rise in rebel groups who would likely use violence to maintain control
* civil war and rival govs.
* humanitarian crisis- thousands killed, millions displaced, and infrastructure damaged
* rise of extremism
40
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
Where is it located and why is it located there?
In an old USA naval base in Cuba
Is there so that it doesnt have to abide to USA law
41
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
When was it established?
2002
42
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
How many men are held there now?
15
43
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
Who wants to fill it up again?
Donald Trump
44
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
What are the two justifications?
1. they can't be called prisoners of war (POW) so aren't protected under the thirs convention (no harm and not interegation)- they are unlawful combatents so have no protection
2. it's not in the USA so don't need to follow the US juristiction- it is a "legal black hole"
45
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
What is the age of the youngest prisoner?
13
46
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
Number of children who have been imprisoned?
21
47
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
What is the cost of improsonment in Guantanamo Bay and what is the cost in a US federal prison?
GB- $11million a year per prisoner
USFP- $31,977.65 a year per prisoner
48
**CASE STUDY: Guantanamo Bay**
How does the camp defile human rights?
* restricts the right to freedom and safety
* 'nobody has the right to put us in prison without a good reason'- 23 prisoners not charged with a crime and not cleared for release
* evidence of torture
49
What are the reasons why military aid is given to countries with questionable human rights records?
* the donor can put conditions on the aid that the recipient has to meet, which include changes to HR
* the donor supports the regime because they are fighting a common enemy such as communism
* the donor has a strategic interest in the area
* the recipient supports TNCs that belong to the donor
* the donor provides aid to revolutionary groups during a time of regime change in the recipient country
50
guerrilla war
small scale and rural. It is local people who can utilise thei knowledge of rural places which can be used in warfare
51
Oligarchy
small group of people who hold most of the countries wealth
52
**CASE STUDY: Colombia**
When was the FARC founded and what is it?
1964
revolutionary srmed forces of Colombia
53
**CASE STUDY: Colombia**
How many combatants did the FARC have in 1999 and in how many different places?
15,000 combatants in 60 places
54
**CASE STUDY: Colombia**
What type of tactics did the FARC use which made them difficult to control?
guerrilla tactics
55
**CASE STUDY: Colombia**
What group formed to fight the FARC?
Paramilitary (military external to the state)
56
**CASE STUDY: Colombia**
What HR violations have taken place?
* people executed
* overunning civilians
* people forced out of their homes
* commited mutilations
* paramilitary tortured people and cut peoples throats
* massacres
* civilians killed
57
**CASE STUDY: Colombia**
How was the Colombian military compliant to the HR violations?
They threw away the rule book to get rid of the guerrillas (used illegal warfare)
58
**CASE STUDY: Colombia**
What were the two stages that aid was given in by the USA?
1. "plan Colombia"
to support gov. and paramilitaries to fight communism and insurgencies
410Bn 15-year plan from 2001-16
71% to security forces and therefore onto paramilitary
2. "peace Colombia"
to help President Santos maintain peace after a peace deal in 2016 was struck between the gov. and the left-wing guerilla groups
$450M package
59
Diplomacy
the art of letting someone else have your way. both people involved are happy with the result of the talks
60
What conditions are needed for diplomacy to happen?
1. open leaders (open to having discussions)- need to be willing to have an agreement
2. mediator- needs to be neutral
61
How may diplomacy result in better outcomes for HR?
* a ceasefire can be agreed which means no more bloodshed
* leaders agree not to seek retaliation for past atrocities
* leaders on both sides are more likely to get some results they want
* avoids a power vaccum created by wiping out existing leadership
62
How many diplomacy result in better outcomes for development?
* less money invested into conflict and more into education and health
* less money invested into repairing fallout from conflict
* TNCs and other companies are more liekly to invest and develop if they know diplomatic talks are underway
* investment into equality, education and health can be part of any diplomatic agreement
63
Why is it that diplomacy 'may' result in better outcomes?
* depends on the strength of the 3rd party conducting the talks
* talks can take a long time to get sorted
* depends on how well leaders on both sides can control their supporters
* depends on whether both parties actually want peace
64
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
Why were their catholics and protestants in Ireland?
When Ireland was a colony of UK, plantation owners from England and Scotland settled in the 6 counties of the N.E. the settlers were protestant and the natives were catholics
There was aprox. an equal number of protestants and catholics in N. Ireland
65
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
Who were the republicans and what did they support?
catholics
didn't support the creation of N. Ireland because they wanted to be part of the Irish Republic
66
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
Who were the unionists and what did they support?
protestants
liked the creation of N. Ireland because they wanted to be part of the UK
67
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
Why did the violence esculate?
* political groups such as Sinn Fein continued to fight for the 6 countries to become part of the independent Ireland
* IRA was formed as a paramilitary group to fight for independence
* The Orange Men then fought against the IRA and in the end the Bristish army got involved to fight the IRA
68
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
What was the agreement called?
The Good Friday Agreement
69
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
When was The Good Friday Agreement signed?
1998
70
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
What was the result of The Good Friday Agreement?
* N. Ireland would remain part of the Uk until the whole of N. Ireland wanted the island to become untited
the UK said they would help that happen
* Britain removed the British army and promised to stop hunting down the IRA
* IRA promised not to use violence and handed in all their weapons
* Britain promised to promote HR in N. Ireland for everyone
* they have a referendumn which involved the whole population
71
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
Who was the mediator?
Senetor George Mitchell (from the US)
72
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
What is The Good Friday Agreement an example of?
how diplomatic talks are successful and violence is not
73
**CASE STUDY: The Troubles (Northern Ireland):**
Was The Good Friday Agreement successful?
yes as it stopped the majority of the violence
74
TO DO:
- both lessons i wasnt in for
