EQ3: What are the consequences of globalisation for development and the environment? Flashcards
(40 cards)
What does the development gap refer to?
The development gap refers to the difference between the richest and poorest people. This can be:
- between countries, e.g. in 2015 people in Luxembourg had incomes of $105,000 per year compared to only $220 in South Sudan
- within countries, e.g. in China’s coastal cities per capita incomes are over $10,000 whereas in the rural west they are under $2000.
Why do geographers use single measures like life expectancy or GDP per capita?
Geographers use single measures like life expectancy or GDP per capita because they give an easy to use and understand ‘headline’ measure of development
What does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) combine to measure gender aspects of development?
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) combines the reproductive health of women, their participation in the workforce and empowerment (women in higher education and politics) to measure gender aspects of development.
Why are composite indices usually viewed as a better reflection of development progress?
These indices focus on social development as well as economic development and are usually viewed as a better reflection of development progress.
Why has Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) become a popular way of comparing economic development between countries?
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP per capita has become a popular way of comparing economic development between countries because unlike nominal GDP it takes into account the cost of living within countries.
Why can measuring development using environmental indicators such as WHO air pollution levels be a problem?
These tend to be local, i.e. for specific cities, so can’t be used to compare countries.
Name a composite index that measures development.
Human Development Index (HDI)
What did the 2016 report from Oxfam state?
A 2016 report from Oxfam stated that the wealth of the world’s richest 1% of people is equivalent to the wealth of the other 99%.
What does the Gini Coefficient measure?
Within countries income, inequality is measured using the Gini Coefficient with income divided into quintiles (20% intervals) plotted as a Lorenz curve.
Why is Haiti the most unequal country?
Haiti is the most unequal country as the richest 20% of people have 65% of the wealth, compared to under 40% in Sweden.
How many billionaires were there worldwide in 2016?
There were about 1800 billionaires worldwide in 2016; most have their wealth through ownership of global TNCs.
How is the environmental impact of development and globalisation often measured?
Ecological footprints
In 2015, what percentage of the UAE’s population was immigrant?
84%
In 2015, what percentage of Switzerland’s population was immigrant?
29%
In 2015, what percentage of Germany’s population was immigrant?
14%
In 2015, what percentage of the USA’s population was immigrant?
14%
In 2015, what percentage of the UK’s population was immigrant?
11%
What factors have increased the pace of migration?
- Open borders to migration within the EU since 1995.
- FDI, encouraging TNC workers to move overseas.
- Deregulation of some job markets, allowing foreign qualified workers.
- Humanitarian crisis, like the Syrian civil war and war with Islamic State, which have seen large numbers of refugees flee to Europe since 2011.
What is meant by the term ‘diaspora’?
A diaspora is the name given to the dispersal of a population overseas.
How has migration increased social and political tensions and even led to a rise in extremism?
- The UK Brexit vote in 2016 to leave the EU had the scale and pace of immigration as a key area of debate.
- Anti-immigration political parties have been growing in popularity since 2010.
- In 2014, 51% of Swiss voted in favour of stopping mass immigration in a national referendum.
- Even in the USA, a country of immigrants, the benefits of migration from Mexico and elsewhere have been questioned.
How have some countries attempted to limit the impact of globalisation using government policy?
- The internet is banned in North Korea because the Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un does not want his people to have access to ‘western’ ideas.
- In China, the internet was very widely used by 52% of the population in 2016, but it is censored; some searches for politically sensitive topics get no results because the Chinese Communist Party seeks to prevent ‘unhelpful’ discussion.
- Since 2010 the UK has sought to reduce immigration using a points system, but with only limited results because EU immigration cannot be controlled.
- Other countries like Australia also use points-based immigration systems to match immigrants to actual economic needs and job vacancies.
- Trade protectionism is still common.
What percentage of China’s population used the internet in 2016?
52%
Why do other countries like Australia also used points-based immigration systems?
Other countries like Australia also use points-based immigration systems to match immigrants to actual economic needs and job vacancies.
How does one indigenous group, the First Nations of Canada, attempt to preserve its cultural identity?
- Within Indian Reservation territories, bands are largely self-governing, allowing them to make key decisions about their future.
- There are about 100 First Nations and Inuit Cultural Education Centres funded by the Canadian Government to help preserve and develop First Nation cultures and traditions.
- After decades of being taught to be ‘Canadian’ in boarding schools, modern First Nation schools teach native languages and traditions.
