EQ4

Question 1

what are the economic costs of coastal erosion and flooding

Answer 1

the loss of property in the form of homes, businesses and farmland also includes repairs to infrastructure

Question 2

are economic costs easy to quantify

Answer 2

yes these are relatively easy to quantify

Question 3

what are the social costs of coastal erosion and flooding

Answer 3

the costs of relocation and loss of jobs but also include impacts on health such as stress and anxiety

Question 4

what are the environmental costs of coastal erosion and flooding

Answer 4

loss of coastal ecosystems and habitats

Question 5

are environmental costs easy to quantify

Answer 5

almost impossible to quantify financially

Question 6

consequences of erosion are normally small because…

Answer 6

Erosion is incremental, with a small number of properties affected over a long period of time

Property at risk loses its value long before its destroyed by erosion, because potential buyers recognise the risk

Question 7

define hard engineering

Answer 7

this involves building structures along the coast

Question 8

what are the 5 hard engineering structures

Answer 8

groynes
sea walls
offshore barriers
rip rap
revetments

Question 9

advantages of groynes

Answer 9

-built up beach increases tourism potential
-groynes work with natural processes
-not too expensive

Question 10

disadvantages of groynes

Answer 10

-groynes starve beaches further along the coast causing increased erosion somewhere else (TGS)
-groynes are unnatural and can be visually obtrusive

Question 11

cost of groynes

Answer 11

£5000 to £10,000 each with 200m intervals

Question 12

advantages of sea walls

Answer 12

-effective prevention of erosion and flooding
-normally has a promenade for people to walk across

Question 13

disadvantages of sea walls

Answer 13

-deflects waves energy does not absorb energy
-expensive to build and maintain
-can be intrusive and unnatural looking

Question 14

cost of sea walls
A. £20,000 per metre
B. £6,000 per metre
C. £2,500 per metre

Answer 14

B. £6,000

Question 15

advantages of rip rap

Answer 15

-its relatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain
-used to fish from or sunbathing by tourists

Question 16

disadvantages of rip rap

Answer 16

-can become dangerous when people are climbing on them
-rocks are normally from elsewhere meaning they may look out of place
- intrusive

Question 17

cost of rip rap
A. £40,000-£50,000 per 100m
B. £450,000-£500,000 per 100m
C.£100,000-£300,000 per 100m

Answer 17

C £100,000-£300,000 per 100m

Question 18

advantage of using revetments

Answer 18

-relatively inexpensive to build

Question 19

disadvantage of using reventments

Answer 19

-needs high levels of maintenance
-unnatural looking and intrusive

Question 20

cost of revetments
A.£4500 per metre
B.£5000 per metre
C.£8000 per metre

Answer 20

A. £4500 per metre

Question 21

advantage of offshore barriers

Answer 21

-an effective permeable barrier

Question 22

disadvantages of offshore barriers

Answer 22

-visually unappealing
-potential navigation hazard

Question 23

cost of offshore barriers

Answer 23

C. £100,000-£300,000 dependant on the rocks/material used

Question 24

define soft engineering

Answer 24

this approach is designed to work with natural processes in the coastal system to manage erosion

Question 25

what are the 4 examples of soft engineering methods

Answer 25

beach nourishment cliff regrading and drainage marsh creation dune stabilisation

Question 26

advantages of beach nourishment

Answer 26

-natural looking as it blends in with natural beach - bigger beach creates tourist potential

Question 27

disadvantages of beach nourishment

Answer 27

-needs constant maintenance due to the coast natural processes of erosion and longshore drift transporting sediment along the coast

Question 28

cost of beach nourishment A. £30,000 per 100m B. £50,000 per 100m C. £300,000 per 100m

Answer 28

C. £300,000 per 100m

Question 29

how does cliff regrading and drainage work

Answer 29

the cliffs angle is reduced to help stabilise it and the drainage removes water to prevent landslides and slumping

Question 30

advantages of cliff regrading and drainage

Answer 30

-regrading can work on clay or loose rock where other methods cannot -drainage is cost effective

Question 31

disadvantage of cliff regrading and drainage

Answer 31

-effective regrading does cause cliff retreat -drainage of cliffs can lead to them becoming dry resulting to rock falls

Question 32

what is dune stabilisation

Answer 32

marram grass is planted within dunes to stabilise dune sediment

Question 33

advantages of dune stabilisation

Answer 33

-it maintains a natural coastal environment -it provides important wildlife habitats -relatively cheap and sustainable

Question 34

disadvantages of dune stabilisation

Answer 34

-time consuming to plant marram grass -people may respond negatively to being told they cannot go into certain areas

Question 35

what is the cost of dune stabilisation A. £2000 - £3000 per 100m B. £100 - £200 per 100m C. £200 - £2000 per 100m

Answer 35

£200 - £2000 for 100m

Question 36

what is salt marsh creation

Answer 36

a form of managed retreat where an area of low lying coast is allowed to be flooded by the sea -- becomes a salt marsh

Question 37

advantages of salt marsh creation

Answer 37

its relatively cheap because it often involves land reverting to its original state before it was used for agriculture it creates a natural defence -- providing a buffer to powerful waves creates an important wildlife habitat

Question 38

disadvantage of salt marsh creation

Answer 38

agricultural land is lost farmers or land owners need to be compensated £££££

Question 39

what does SMP stand for

Answer 39

shoreline management plan

Question 40

what does CBA stand for

Answer 40

cost benefit analysis

Question 41

What does ICZM stand for

Answer 41

intergrated coastal zone management

Question 42

what does EIA stand for

Answer 42

Environmental impact assessment

Question 43

what are the 4 coastal management policy options

Answer 43

hold the line no active intervention managed realignment advance the line

Question 44

what happens when they use 'holding the line' coastal management policy option

Answer 44

build or maintain coastal defences so that the position of the shoreline remains the same overtime

Question 45

what happens when they use 'no active intervention' coastal management policy option

Answer 45

no investment into defending against flooding or erosion. the coast is allowed to erode and flood

Question 46

what happens when they use 'managed realignment' coastal management policy option

Answer 46

allows the coastline to move naturally but manage the process to direct it in certain areas it is sometime called 'strategic realignment'

Question 47

what happens when they use the 'advance the line' coastal management policy

Answer 47

build new coastal defences on the coastline usually involves land reclamation.