Eq4

Question 1

What do Relict landscapes offer? (5)

Answer 1

Farming, Mining/Quarrying, Hydroelectricity, Tourism, Forestry

Question 2

What do active landscapes offer? (4)

Answer 2

Spiritual value, Sanctuary to birds and animals, Scientific Research, Maintain genepool of wild organisms

Question 3

Farming in glaciated landscapes

Answer 3

• In developing countries the indigenous population live off subsistence farming e.g. 70% of people in Bolivia live in the High Andes, they grow potato and quinoa as well as rearing llamas and alpacas
• In developed countries farming is generally pastoral. Animals graze in highlands in summer and brought down in the winter to be on the farms

Question 4

Forestry in glaciated landscapes

Answer 4

Can be difficult in relict landscapes due to poor soil, minly conifers (Sitka Spruce) In the Lake District

Question 5

Mining/ Quarrying in glaciated landdcapes

Answer 5

Erosion can exposes minerals and ore’s. Igneous rocks in the lake district/wales allow for slate and lead mining.

Question 6

H.E.P In glaciated landscapes

Answer 6

glacial valleys are well suited to daming, Norway and New Zealand get 90% of their power from HEP

Question 7

Tourism In periglacial/relict landscapes

Answer 7

Skiing,Mountaineering, Climbing , Walking.
(Alps, Pyrenees, Rockies, Lake district.)
- Has increased massively in the last 30 years, however this causes other issues such as footpath degradation, pollution etc (Lake district Fix the fells charity)

Question 8

Natural Hazards that threaten glacial landscapes (4)

Answer 8

Avalanches, Rockfalls, Debris slides, Flooding.
As more people live, work and visit these areas for recreational purposes there is now more potential than ever for these to become disasters.

Question 9

What are the 2 types of snowpack failure that causes avalanches?

Answer 9

Loose Snow.
(Like loose sand, small amounts moves down the slope)
Slab Avalanches
(Large slabs of snow break away from another)

Question 10

Reasons for avalanches (7)

Answer 10

An increase in temperature- can loosen the bonds between the snow, leading to the formation of a weak layer in the snow.
Heavy loose snowfall - which falls onto a wet snow, leading to the formation of a weak layer which is overcome by the weight of the added snowfall
Earthquakes/tremors - can create cracks in the snowpack reducing the stability and causing it to move downslope
Removal of trees - removes stability from the snow particularly in the winter months
Increased global warming/temperatures, causes more melt-freeze cycles allowing the snow layers to slide over each other.
Winter sports such as skiing/hiking - can increase the pressure placed on the slab layer causing it to slide
Strong winds/wind loading results in a build-up of snow adding weight to the snow pack .

Question 11

What is a Lahar

Answer 11

Indonisian term for rock fragments and water which flows down a volano, fast moving and vary in size. 1985 Nevado Del Ruiz Columbia killing 23,000

Question 12

Glacial Outburst floods (Jökulhlaup)

Answer 12

When Morrains fail, or when volcanic activity causes glaciers to melt. Common in Iceland)

Question 13

Threats from Human Activity in active landscapes (Polar Tourism + Mining)

Answer 13

Settlements - For resource: fishing, whaling or for mining (Copper, gold, uranium and now oil), Pollution and conflict with indigenous populations (Inuit’s (Greenland)

Polar Tourism - Cruise ships to glaciers becoming more population causes polloution, may need to dredge sea beds,.

Question 14

Human threats to Relict Landscapes

Answer 14

Footpath erosion in the lake district, clear cut felling exposes ecosystems to erosion/weathering. ‘Fix the Fells’ £10 million spent in 20yrs. Every metre of path costs £150.