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Question 1

what is a superpower?

Answer 1

a nation with the means to projct dominating power and influence anywhere in the world, often in more than one region of the globa at the time

Question 2

what is imperialism?

Answer 2

democracy in a ruling nation, with its economy, culture and politics ruling over subordinate colonies

Question 3

what is capitalism?

Answer 3

free market economy, democratic - everybody is free to make money in anyway they like, maximising their individual potential
- leads to a wealth divide within the society

Question 4

what is communism?

Answer 4

state ownership of the economy, non-democratic - individuals do not have economic freedom, and all profits are returned to the state who reinvest the money for the good of all

Question 5

what are the 6 powers needed for a nation to become a superpower?

Answer 5

• political
• economic
• military
• demographic
• geographical
• cultural

Question 6

what is economic power?

Answer 6

• smart power
• top 10 biggest economies control 70% of all global wealth
• trade blocs are created which help to exploit weaker countries
• some currencies have more power e.g. euro
• exploitative trade deals

Question 7

what is geographic power?

Answer 7

physical location is important:
- economically = trade
- militarily = access = influence
- availability of resources = richer
the size of the country is important:
- controlling resources
- influencing allies
e.g. russia has direct influence of 7 neighbouring countries

Question 8

what is political power?

Answer 8

nations do not have much power over other nations - sovreignty
but some countries have indirect political power:
- through membership of global organsations such as UN
- historical connections such as the commonwealth
- membership of blocs such as EU

Question 9

what is military power?

Answer 9

the US spent $801 bn in 2023 on military research and weapons and employ 2,000,000
lends countries a huge amount of influence

Question 10

what is deomgraphic power?

Answer 10

a big population = huge workforce, more income, cultural spread, military
a youthful pop = dependancy ratio, productive, innovation, liberal

Question 11

what is cultural power?

Answer 11

• superpowers have the ability to exert power over other nations through consent rather than force
• education, religion, media

Question 12

what is mackinder’s theory?

Answer 12

there is the rimland and the heartland
- if you control the heartland you control the rimland

Question 13

what can you do to control another country?

Answer 13

• military threat/invasion
• trade
• aid deals
• culture
• trade blocs
• global political institutions
• debt
• religious dogma

Question 14

what is hard power?

Answer 14

an outward, proactive and often physical expression of one countries will over another

Question 15

what is soft power?

Answer 15

power and influence that countries generate on a global or regional scale as a result of 3 key national characteristics:
- culture
- political values
- foreign policy

Question 16

what is smart power?

Answer 16

a combination of soft and hard

Question 17

what is the soft power index?

Answer 17

it measures it using:
- overseas aid contribution
- overseas embassies
- income inequality
- democracy
- personal freedom

Question 18

what are the drawbacks of soft power?

Answer 18

• being reliant on soft power limits a countries ability to take proactive action (but if the country had enough soft power, this should not happen)
• soft power alone is not enough to make a country powerful

Question 19

what is the history of the british empire?

Answer 19

1600-1850 = small colonies set up on coastal fringes, focus on trade, including slaves, private trading companies set up
1850 - 1945 = coastal colonies extended inland, religion and british culture and language introduced, gov and institutions set up to rule the colonial pop
1945 –> = UK cannot support empire, anti-colonial movements grow

Question 20

what did the UK use to justify imperialism?

Answer 20

modernism = britain was technologically, culturally and economically advanced therefore, we had a moral duty to take control of other nations and civilise them
evangelical christianity = britain was christian and therefore morally correct and nations which were not christians needed to be converted

Question 21

how do MEDCs use neo-colonialism to maintain control over LEDCs?

Answer 21

• strategic alliances = USA and USSR formed alliances with many developing nations to spread their global influence often through foreign aid
• aid = can be given strings attached, forcing recipients to spend aid in the way the donors wish
• TNCs = FDI means big profits for TNCs but low wages and few skills for developing
• terms of trade = low raw material and commodity export prices contrast with high prices the developing world must pay for manufactured goods

Question 22

what are strengths and weaknesses about the EU?

Answer 22

448 million pop
strengths
- economic growth
- global trade power
- security and defence
- innovation
weaknesses
- migration
- climate change

Question 23

what are strengths and weaknesses of Saudi arabia?

Answer 23

strengths
- location
- oil production
- econoimc diversification
weaknesses
- womens rights
- death penalty
- criminal justice system

Question 24

strengths and weaknesses of BRICS?

Answer 24

strengths
- 69% of pop economically active (brazil)
- resources in amazon (brazil)
- strong links to china (russia)
- trade with UK worth $23 bn (india)
- strategic location (china)

Question 25

facts of China to get to the top?

Answer 25

- one party state = no opposition to change - new high tech infrastructure - economy is focused on manufacturing - incredible terms of trade - export profits import expenditure - agin pop = worse workforce - forced industrialisation - language acquisition problems (english)

Question 26

facts on India to get to the top?

Answer 26

- democracy = need to convince the people = delay in development - poor colonial infrastructure - economy focused on innovation - cheap labour - cultural freedom - youthful pop = increased workforce - huge rural poverty - language is already good

Question 27

what are the different developmental theories?

Answer 27

- mackinder - rowstow - wallerstein - frank

Question 28

what is rowstow's model?

Answer 28

- suggests that countries need to be capitalist and follow the western route stage 1 - tribal stage 2 - mass exporting primary goods stage 3 - take off - 5% of GNI must come from outside investment stage 4 - drive to maturity - 10% must come from outside investment stage 5 - high mass consumption (US) the theory advertises peak capitalism - always will be a loser

Question 29

what is wallerstein's theory?

Answer 29

stage 1 - all countries start off as weak and poor stage 2 - the core is formed (1 country has an actual advantage) and the peripheries are formed and there is a flow of money, people, resources into the core stage 3 - the sub cores are formed from some peripheries and they have a tactical advantage - the peripheries are LEDCs and are exploited by all

Question 30

what is frank's dependency model?

Answer 30

there is the core, semi-periphery and periphery where the resources from the periphery and semi-periphery flow to the core and goods flow from the core - core (MEDC) stays rich and peripheries (NIC & LEDC) stay poor

Question 31

what are Russia's different powers?

Answer 31

geographical - has key natural resources (oil and gas) and has a key geographical position and access to the rest of the world (POWER) economic - GDP - $40,000, 5 companies in forbes 500 (NO POWER) political - UN permanent member of security council, political opposition not tolerated (POWER) military - 900,000 active duty, but weaker than expected. takes 5% of GDP spending (MAYBE POWER) cultural - no pop culture but HIGH culture e.g. ballet and poetry (NO POWER) demographic - 140 mil people (POWER but brain drain)

Question 32

what are China's different powers?

Answer 32

geograhical - rare earth elements and arable land, access to 17 neighbouring countries, high pop density (NOT HIGH POWER) economic - not consistent growth rate and GDP = $22,000, 135 companies on forbes 500 (POWER) political - UN security council, WTO, IOM, many alliances (POWER) military - 2 million active duty, 500 nuclear weapons, 1.5% of GDP (POWER) cultural - chinese characters, architecture, festivals , chinese new year (NO POWER) demographic - 1.5 bn people, 70% between 15-64 (POWER)

Question 33

what are India's different powers?

Answer 33

geographical - natural resources, surrounded by deas and oceans, boarders 7 countries (MAYBE POWER) economic - GDP - $10,000, 5 companies on forbes 500 (NO POWER) political - UN, G20, WTO, security council, only alliances with 4 countries (NO POWER) military - 172 nuclear weapons, 1.4 million active members (NO POWER) cultural - religion, cuisine, language, dance, music and cultural heritage (POWER) demographic - growing pop, rapid urbanisation = inadequate infrastructure, housing and services (POWER)

Question 34

what are MINT's geographical powers?

Answer 34

only trade routes with north and south america (mexico - NO), very isolated but good links to asia and australia (indoniesia NO), producer of oil and natural gas, but no links to asia or australia only links to europe (nigeria NO), producer of iron, copper and gas, good renewable energy, good links with neighbours (turkey -YES)

Question 35

what are MINT's economic powers?

Answer 35

$11,500 gdp per capita, 4 companies in forbes 500 (mexico NO) $4,700 gdp per capita, 1 company in forbes 500 (indonesia NO) $2,000 gdp per capita, no companies in forbes 500 (nigeria NO) $10,000 gdp per capita, 1 company in forbes 500 (turkey NO)

Question 36

what are MINT's political powers?

Answer 36

part of WTO, APEC, UN and security council (mexico YES) part of ASEAN, OIC, APEC, G20 UN but not security council (indonesia NO) part of african union, commonwealth nations, UN but not security council (nigeria NO) NATO, WTO, UN, OSCE and more (turkey YES)

Question 37

what are MINT's military powers?

Answer 37

no nuclear weapons, but can manufacture them, 411,000 military personnel, $10 bn (mexico YES) strong supporter of nuclear disarmament, 400,000 personnel, $9 bn (indonesia NO) no nuclear weapons, 230,000 personnel, $3 bn (nigeria NO) no nuclear weapons but share america's, 260,000 personnel, $15 bn (turkey YES)

Question 38

what are MINT's cultural powers?

Answer 38

mexico - cuisine, day of the dead (no) indonesia - varied pop but not around the world (no) nigeria - popular culture = dance, music, literature (yes) turkey - religion, literature, cuisine (no)

Question 39

what are MINT's demographic powers?

Answer 39

mexio - aging pop, poverty, out migration (NO) indonesia - aging pop low levels of social sustainability - NO nigeria - pop growth, lack of infrastructure, youth unemployment, wealth inequality, 67% under poverty line (no) turkey - regugees, emigration, aging pop (maybe)