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health and human rights > eqi3&4 > Flashcards

eqi3&4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are geopolitical interventions?

A

the exercise of a country’s power in order to influence the course of events outside it’s borders

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2
Q

what are the motivations for intervention?

A
  • increase local and global infliuence
  • access resources
  • provide military support
  • strengthening security and stability
  • promoting international trade and protecting trade routes
  • protect human rights
  • encouraging education
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3
Q

what is the only reason for intervention?

A

it benefits the INTERVENING government

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4
Q

what are the different types of intervention?

A
  • development assistance: aid
  • economically: taking actoin to directly affect a nations economic capbilities
  • military: indirect and direct
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5
Q

what is development assistance?

A

a form of aid
- official - multi and bi lateral
- voluntary - NGOs

it is always exploitative

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6
Q

what is economic intervention?

A
  • embargos
  • taxes and tarrifs
  • sanctions
  • membership of IGOs
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7
Q

what is military intervention?

A

peacekeepers
direct = sending troops (afgahnistan)
indirect = providing equipment (ukraine)

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8
Q

who intervenes and why?

A
  • governments: extend influence, safety and security, spread of ideology, access to or control of resources
  • IGOs (UN): global security and socio-cultural progression, protect vulnerable people, ensure respect of international law
  • political alliances: recruit new member, defient current members
  • NGOs: protect, support and improve lives of locals
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9
Q

what is sovreignty?

A

having ultimate authority over a territory with the absolute right to govern and to be self determinate of that territories future
- it is impossible for intervention to take place without compromising a nations sovreignty

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10
Q

what are taxes and tarrifs?

A

taxes put on any goods which are imported into a nation
- america putting tarrifs on china - 45% & canada - 25%

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11
Q

what do taxes and tarrifs do for the home nation?

A

stimulates the home economy because of:
- increase buying US products
- increase size of US companies
- increase jobs
- increase money/income

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12
Q

what do taxes and tarrifs do for other countries?

A

it will damage other countries economy:
- decrease exports
- decrease income
- downsizing
- increase unemployment
- cycle of decline

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13
Q

what are quotas?

A

restricting the amount of goods which can be imported

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14
Q

what is altering exchange rates?

A

deliberately devaluing a currency to increase the competitiveness of imports and exports

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15
Q

what are trade blocs?

A

invitation or expulsion from areas of free trade to stimulate or limit growth
e.g. ASEAN

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16
Q

what are trade embargoes?

A

bans on trade in specific commodities or between nations
e.g. USA on cuba
- isolation to force decision
- can target a single good

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17
Q

what are multilateral embargoes?

A

everyone agrees to ban trade of specific commodities to a certain country
- but the countries who don’t agree are the winners because they are the only consumer = cheaper goods

trade embargoes damage the gov but also takes away the civilians human rights - no access to food, water, services
US embargo on Cuba = increase food prices, decrease medical equipment

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18
Q

what are sanctions?

A
  • asset freezing
  • travel bans on specific indivduals
  • banning transactoins with certain enterprises
  • banning imports
  • prohibiting export to the certain country
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19
Q

what is top-down aid?

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A

big projects, aimed to benefit the whole country e.g. building a dam
- this then trickles down to people at a local scale e.g. HEP = cheaper electricity

this tends to benefit cities because there are more people
top down aid = bi and multilateral aid

20
Q

what is bottom-up aid?

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A

small projects aimed at benefiting small groups and communities
- the benefits will work their way up to benefit a whole nation

NGOs and charities

21
Q

what are the different types of aid?

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A

official
- directly = bilateral aid (mostly tied and strings attached) (government to government)
- indirectly = multilateral aid (countries give money to IGOs who distribute)

voluntary aid (money raised by independent organisations and private donations)

22
Q

how can bilateral aid promote development?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • greater accountability for recieving country - someone is checking how the money is used
  • donor contries place strict political, diplomatic and economic conditions on the recipient country
  • stronger diplomatic ties strengthens political and economic relationships
  • faster decision making - without multiple stakeholders
23
Q

how can bilateral aid hold a nation back?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • often subject to alot of corruption
  • no HR based ties on the aid - no obligation to ensure the UDHR
  • trying to impose western behaviour
  • most of the conditions only benefit the donor
24
Q

how does multilateral aid benefit development?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • HR ties will be placed on the aid
  • higher participation from other countries = more resources = more help
  • should reduce corruption
25
how does multilateral aid hold a country back?
- just a way for MEDCs to control LEDCs - fewer costs - less supervision = less acountability - allows for spread of capitalism = exploitation - could create dependency
26
what are quangos?
government charities to which the gov donates money - this is because governments cannot donate to NGOs but they can through the quangos
27
what are the positives of NGOs?
- they are the antidotes of capitatlism - charity work is seen as a balance of negative capitalism - they are free from donor bias - NGOs have become the preferred method of developing nations and are supported by governments but only because they don't want to spend their money on other nations
28
what are the negatives of NGOs?
- meny NGOs have a religious element - work could be attempting to spread the views of the west - west is imposing beliefs of how we think they should develop - projects are funded by individuals' donations from media exposure but WHO controls the media - NGOs operate on a tiny scale thus they cannot impact the whole nation - not all have equal access to the NGOs in the recieving countries
29
what are issues facing NGOs?
- donor fatigue - dependancy on aid
30
what is donor fatigue?
public can become over burdened and tired of hearing the same old campaigns - make poverty history was huge in 2005 but 2 years later became nothing
31
what is the NGOs reliance on aid?
some nations budgets have become ties to aid and they have become dependent on it - NGOs have become charged with developing the basic , localised infrastructure of nations - this could lead to a debt trap = easily exploited
32
what are the types of military aid?
direct - action by one nation to another indirect - providing military aid to certain nations
33
what was the agenda of NATO in bosnia?
- tackle post cold war instability - prevent ethnic conflict - NATOs changing role in humanitarian events - humaitarian crisis - direct security risk for europe
34
why did Russia intervene in Ukraine?
- denazification - stopping representation of leftists - reasserting russian dominance in politics - nato expansion - protection of dombass
35
why did USA intervene in Syria?
- limiting the influence of russia and iran - protecting the US from terrorism - prevent the normalisation of chemical weapon use - demonstrating US power to enemies
36
what is ISIS?
a global terrorist group that poses a threat to the world through it's violent ideology and network of terrorist fighters
37
how were the Yazidis affected by ISIS?
men massacred and women sold into slavery - sinjar massacre = 5000 men killed & 7000 women kidnapped and survivors forced up mount sinjar
38
how were the christians affected by ISIS?
forced them to convert to Islam and pay or tax or face execution - fall of mosur = marked houses with the christian signal and gave them 48 hours to leave - kidnapping of asyrian christians = abducted over 250 christians
39
how were the shia muslims affected by ISIS?
- camp speicher massacre = executed 1,700 shia military cadets - karrada bombing = bombed a shopping area in Baghdad's karrada district killing over 300 people
40
what was the direct military intervention against ISIS?
- US intervention = provided training and support and killed key ISIS leaders - Iraq's military = launched ground offences to retake ISIS controlled cities and conducted counterterrorism - syrian democratic forces = led ground battles in syria which captured ISIS's last stronghold
41
what were the indirect military interventions against ISIS?
- financial sanctions and counterterroism = UN, US and EU froze assets and imposed sanctions on individuals associated with ISIS - counterterroism intelligence = US and allies track ISIS comms and online propoganda to disrupt recruitment - humanitarian aid = UN and NGOs provide to displaced pops
42
how did ISIS compromise human rights?
- mass executions = right to life, freedom from torture and inhumane treatment - religious persecution = right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion - suppression of free expression = right to freedom of opinion and expression - oppression of women = right to equality and freedom from religion - child soldiers and forced recruitment = right to protection and prohibition of slavery and forced labour
43
what evidence is used to measure the success of aid?
- decrease in poverty - improvement in health (LE, maternal survival) - improvement in education (length of schooling, adult literacy) - improvement in infrastructure (trasnport systems)
44
what evidence is used to measure the success of economic intervention?
- reduction in GDP (in target state) - increased unemployment - inflation/ stagnation - increase in poverty
45
what evidence is used to measure the success of military action?
- control of territory - increase sphere of influence - low or minimal DR - decreased corruption - liberlism - democracy
46
what evidence is used to measure the success of helping refugees?
- policing - water and food - resettlement programmes - education and healthcare
47
why should democracy be considered an acceptable indicator for intervention success?
- broad respect for human rights - to stay in control the needs of people must be met

health and human rights (3 decks)

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