Equality - CF Flashcards
(29 cards)
What does Aristotle say about equality and justice?
“Treating equals equally and unequals unequally” – Justice recognizes natural hierarchies.
How does modern political thought differ from classical views on equality?
Modern thought emphasizes inherent moral worth, reducing unjust inequality, and social justice for all.
Define formal equality.
Equal treatment under the law regardless of social background; focuses on non-discrimination.
Define equality of opportunity.
Ensuring everyone has a fair starting point in life—access to education, jobs, and upward mobility.
What is equality of outcome?
Equalizing end results—income, wealth, and living conditions—via redistributive measures.
What did John Rawls say about justice and equality?
Justice requires inequalities to benefit the least advantaged—Difference Principle.
What is Ronald Dworkin’s view on equality?
Equality of resources + respect; rights-based approach to individual dignity.
What is Michael Walzer’s “complex equality”?
Different goods should be distributed by distinct principles in separate “spheres of justice.”
What is legal equality?
Equal protection under the law, freedom from discrimination, and equal access to justice.
What is political equality?
Universal suffrage, equal chance to participate in governance, and protection of minority rights.
What is economic equality?
Redistribution, fair wages, and access to education/healthcare to reduce income gaps.
What is social equality?
Eradication of discrimination and efforts toward inclusivity and representation.
What is substantive equality?
Goes beyond legal equality; ensures equal outcomes by addressing systemic disadvantages.
What does Amartya Sen’s “capability approach” emphasize?
Enhancing individuals’ real freedoms and capabilities to live the life they value.
What does Martha Nussbaum contribute to capability theory?
Lists essential human capabilities required for dignity and development.
What is affirmative action?
Policy measures like reservations or quotas to uplift historically marginalized communities.
What is the argument for reverse discrimination?
Critics argue affirmative action violates meritocracy and individual rights (Allan Bloom, Roger Clegg).
What’s the rebuttal to reverse discrimination?
Historical injustices require redress; diversity and representation enrich institutions (Patricia Gurin, Mahzarin Banaji).
How are liberty and equality related according to Amartya Sen?
Liberty requires equality; without equal access and capability, freedom is hollow.
What does Isaiah Berlin say about liberty vs. equality?
“Freedom for the wolves has often meant death to the sheep” – liberty without equality leads to domination.
Charles Taylor on balancing values?
“Balancing rights against responsibilities… is always difficult.”
How does Rawls link equality and justice?
Justice mandates open access and positions benefiting the least advantaged.
What is Simone de Beauvoir’s quote on gender?
“One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.”
What is Judith Butler’s contribution?
Gender is a performance—“a doing rather than a being.”
