Equations and Definitions

Question 1

Ideal gas equation

Answer 1

P (kPa) x V (m^3) = n x R x T (K)

PV=nRT

R = 8.314

Question 2

Define relative isotopic mass

Answer 2

The mass of an isotope compared with 1/12th the mass of carbon-12

Question 3

Define relative atomic mass

Answer 3

The weighted mean mass compared with 1/12th the mass of carbon-12

Question 4

Charge of nitrate?

Answer 4

1-

Question 5

Charge of carbonate?

Answer 5

2-

Question 6

Charge of sulphate

Answer 6

2-

Question 7

Charge of OH

Answer 7

1-

Question 8

Charge of ammonium

Answer 8

1+

Question 9

Charge of zinc ion

Answer 9

2+

Question 10

Charge of silver ion

Answer 10

1+

Question 11

What does a Roman numeral indicate in terms of oxidation?

Answer 11

The magnitude of the oxidation number when an element may have compounds/ions with different oxidation numbers

Question 12

Define electronegativity

Answer 12

The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

Question 13

Define first ionisation energy

Answer 13

The energy required to remove 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms

Question 14

Define an ionic bond

Answer 14

The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

Question 15

Define a covalent bond

Answer 15

The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

Question 16

Define disproportionation

Answer 16

The oxidation and reduction of the same element

Question 17

Define activation energy

Answer 17

The minimum energy required for a reaction to take place

Question 18

What are standard conditions in terms of enthalpy changes

Answer 18

101kPa and a stated temperature, 298K

Question 19

Define the enthalpy change of formation

Answer 19

The formation of 1 mol of a compound from its elements

Question 20

Define the enthalpy change of combustion

Answer 20

The complete combustion of 1 mol of a substance

Question 21

Define the enthalpy change of neutralisation

Answer 21

The formation of 1 mol of water from neutralisation

Question 22

Equation for enthalpy change

Answer 22

q = m (g) x c x change in temp (K)

Question 23

Define a homologous series

Answer 23

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.

Question 24

Define aliphatic

Answer 24

A compound containing C and H joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.

Question 25

Define alicyclic

Answer 25

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 26

Define aromatic

Answer 26

A compound containing a benzene ring

Question 27

Define structural isomer

Answer 27

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 28

Define homolytic fission

Answer 28

Each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

Question 29

Define heterolytic fission

Answer 29

One bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair

Question 30

Define radical

Answer 30

A species with an unpaired electron

Question 31

Define stereoisomers

Answer 31

Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space

Question 32

Define E/Z isomerism

Answer 32

An example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group.

Question 33

Define cis-trans isomerism

Answer 33

A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same.

Question 34

Define an electrophile

Answer 34

An electron pair acceptor

Question 35

Define nucleophile

Answer 35

An electron pair donor

Question 36

Formula for atom economy?

Answer 36

Mr of desired product / sum of total Mr for all products x 100

Question 37

Formula for percentage yield

Answer 37

Actual amount / theoretic amount

Question 38

Enthalpy of solution

Answer 38

The enthalpy change when 1 mol of an ionic solid dissolves in water

Question 39

Enthalpy of hydration

Answer 39

When one mol of a gaseous ion is completely hydrated by water

Question 40

Lattice enthalpy

Answer 40

Energy released when one mol of a Crystal is formed from ions of its constituents in gaseous state

Question 41

Enthalpy of atomisation

Answer 41

When one mol of gaseous atoms is formed from the element in its natural state

Question 42

Ionisation energy

Answer 42

The energy required to remove one mol of electrons from one mol of gaseous atoms

Question 43

Electron affinity

Answer 43

Enthakpy change when one mol of gaseous atoms gains one mol of electrons

Question 44

define average bond enthalpy

Answer 44

the enthalpy change when 1 mol of a specific type of bond breaks in a gaseous molecule