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Mod 7 (Large animal) > Equine A & P study guide > Flashcards

Equine A & P study guide Flashcards

1
Q

everything that is included in an equine physical exam

A

History
Observing the animal (Behavior, posture, body condition, alertness, swelling/lameness, wounds, muscle atrophy)
Heart auscultation, Abdominal auscultation, Hydration status, Height and weight

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2
Q

What is the normal PCV/TP for equids

A

32-52%

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3
Q

What is the significance of fibrinogen values for horses

A

Horses WBC don’t rapidly increase like other animals so an increase in fibrinogen will tell us if there is inflammation/infections

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4
Q

Fibrinogen values that are considered normal

A

ACL Fibrinogen : 150-375 mg/dL
Fibrinogen (miller) : 200-450 mg/dL

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5
Q

Which muscles are in control of skin twitching, and where are they located?

A

Cutaneous trunci
Located in the fascia just below the skin

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6
Q

What are the equine blood types?

A

A, C, D, K, P, Q, U and T (research interest)

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7
Q

What are factors in regards to blood types?

A

Factors determine whether they will be able to do a blood transplant

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8
Q

What is NI and what causes it?

A

NI is Neonatal isoerythrolysis. This is a condition a foal can get from their mother from colostrum.

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9
Q

What is a teaser mare? How should one be utilized?

A

A teaser mare will be a mare that is shown to the stallion to see how willing they are. There will be an artificial vagina that will collect the semen if they are willing.

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10
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the horse?

A

C7-T18-L6-S5-Cox15-21

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11
Q

describe the anatomy/structure of the equine carpus

A

2 parallel rows of short bones

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12
Q

describe the anatomy/structure of the equine tarsus.

A

Made up of 5 joints 6 bones a lined in 3 rows

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13
Q

What are the splint bones and where are they located?

A

Incomplete metacarpal bones located on either side of the cannon bone

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14
Q

How do horses ferment their food?

A

Where the microbes break down the ingested plant material

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15
Q

describe in great detail the anatomy of the equine forelimb

A

Consists of the proximal portions of the ulna and connects with the radius midshaft

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16
Q

describe in great detail the anatomy of the equine hind limb.

A

Starts with the pelvis, on the cranial end of the ilium and has large medial and lateral processes on each side, at the distal end the femur joins to the patella and tibia to form the stifle joint, the patella is known as the kneecap located in the distal tendon

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17
Q

What is the equine dental formula?

A

Deciduous teeth: 2 (i 3/3, c 0/0, p 3/3, m - 0/0)=24
Adults: 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3 or 4/3, M 3/3)= 40 or 42

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18
Q

What type of placental attachment do horses have?

A

Diffuse

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19
Q

How early can rectal palpation determine if a mare is pregnant?

A

25-28 days

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20
Q

When does udder development of the mare occur?

A

2-6 weeks prior to foaling

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21
Q

What is waxing?

A

When colostrum drips from the teats and drys

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22
Q

Stage 1 of parturition

A

signs of abdominal discomfort, restlessness, sweat in elbow/flank area, chorioallantois ruptures at the cervix indicating thats the end of stage one

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23
Q

Stage 2 of parturition

A

Starts with the chorioallantois rupturing and ends when fetus is expelled, they should be in a diving position with one limb slightly forward, this stage lasts between 15 and 30 minutes

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24
Q

Stage 3 of parturition

A

passing of placenta, passes within 3 hours, if takes longer than 3 hours a vet should be called, if not expelled after 6-8 hours treatment for a retained placenta needs to begin

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25
Q

1-2-3 rule in regards to foals

A

standing within one hour
nursing within 2 hours
pass first feces within 3 hours

26
Q

Describe how ot change the diet of a horse

A

Diet change should take 2-3 weeks

27
Q

How can you age a horse based on its teeth?

A

Occurrence of tooth
Disappearance of cups
Angle of incidence
Shape of the surface of the tooth
Galcaynes groove

28
Q

How do horses prevent hyperthermia?

A

by sweating

29
Q

Corium regions

A

Laminar
Perioplic corium
Coronary corium
Sole corium
Frog corium

30
Q

Laminar region of the corium

A

primary and secondary lamina, located between the hoof wall and P3 to provide nutrients to the stratum internum

31
Q

Perioplic region of the corium

A

found within the perioplic sulcus and supplies nutrients to the overlying periople

32
Q

Coronary region of the corium

A

within the coronary sulcus and provides nutrients to the stratum externum and stratum medium

33
Q

Sole region of the corium

A

located superior to the sole and provides to the sole

34
Q

Frog region of the corium

A

located superior to the frog and provides nutrients to the frog

35
Q

What are the regions of the hoof wall

A

Toe- front of the hoof
Quarters - lateral aspects of the hoof
Heel - portion that tapers downwards and wraps around the back of the hoof

36
Q

What is the frog and the purpose

A

Thick horny, triangular shape piece of tissue that is insensitive. Aids in digital cushion and lateral cartilages in blood circulation throughout the foot

37
Q

Average lifespan of an equines erythrocyte?

A

150 days

38
Q

What is the average heart size of a horse?

A

About 1% of the horses bodyweight

39
Q

How much blood can the spleen hold?

A

25 liters

40
Q

What are guttural pouches?

A

Diverticula of the eustachian tubes, connecting middle ear to the pharynx.

41
Q

Where are the guttural pouches located?

A

Expand from the eustachian tube with one on each side of the horses head

42
Q

Describe the stallion breeding soundness exam

A

Begins with a physical exam looking for conformation, behavior, and any physical trait that could pass on to future generations, the penis must be able to fully retract, testicles must be developed, reproductive system as a whole should have no abnormalities, growths, swellings

43
Q

Describe the stallions reproductive tract

A

Testes are responsible for producing the sperm and male sex hormones. Scrotum is located in the inguinal region between the thighs, can remain fertile into their 20s but should do a semen analysis

44
Q

What kind of teeth do horses have?

A

Hypsodontic teeth meaning they continuously grow during most of the horses life

45
Q

What is a flehmen response?

A

Detection of analysis of pheromones, chemical signals emanating from other horses usually trying to determine the sexual status.

46
Q

What organ is responsible for the flehmen response?

A

vomeronasal

47
Q

Roughly how much feedstuff can the stomach hold?

A

9-15 liters

48
Q

Compartments of the stomach?

A

Saccus caecus
Fundic region
Pylorus

49
Q

Describe the small intestine

A

28% of the digestive tract, 49-72 feet long, volume of 55-70 liters, major site of digestion, broken down into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, enzymatic breakdown of proteins, fats, starches, and sugars, produces a small amount of digestive enzymes

50
Q

Describe the large intestine

A

Bulk of digestion occurs and is the remaining amount of the GI tract about 62%, about 23 feet in length, volume of 140-150 liters, consists of cecum, large/ascending colon, small colon, rectum, and anus, AKA hindgut

51
Q

Describe the cecum

A

Has a blind sac about 4 feet long, can hold around 28-36 liters of feel and fluid. Feed remains here for about 7 hours to allow bacteria to break it down, microbes produce Vit. K, B-complex, proteins, and fatty acids. Vitamins and fatty acids will be absorbed, very little protein will be absorbed if any. Entrance and exit are at the top of the organ, feed enters at the top, mixes through, exits back through the top. Can cause problems if there’s too much dry feed and not enough water intake.

52
Q

Describe the ascending colon

A

Consists of the right and left central colons and dorsal colon, about 10-11.5 feet long and hold about 86 liters. Fermentation occurs here, most nutrients made from microbial digestion is absorbed here, ventral colons have “sacculated” construction, facilitates the digestion of large quantities of fibrous materials, pouches can easily become twisted and fill with gas due to fermentation of the feed, will take food 7 hours to reach it and will stay there for about 48-65 hours

53
Q

Where are fecal balls formed?

A

Small colon

54
Q

When does a mares and stallions fertility begin to decline?

A

Mare : 10-12 years old
Stallion : 20s ish

55
Q

When do fillys and colts reach puberty?

A

Fillys : 18 months ish
Colts : 12-14 months

56
Q

Types of breeding

A

Live cover
AI
Embryo transfer
Semen collection

57
Q

Normal RR

A

6-16 bpm

58
Q

Normal HR

A

28-44 bpm

59
Q

Normal temp

A

99-101.5 degrees F

60
Q

Normal MM

A

bubble gum pink

61
Q

Normal CRT

A

1-2 seconds

Mod 7 (Large animal) (3 decks)

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