Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm Test 3 > Equine Anesthesia > Flashcards

Equine Anesthesia Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how do risks of equine anesthesia compare with other species? how do inhalable and injectable compare?

A

-higher mortality rate compared to other species
-inhalational 3x greater risk of death than injectable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Challenges of Equine Anesthesia

A

¡ Horse size and personality
¡ Control for IV access
¡ People & Equipment needs
¡ Maintenance Duration
¡ Proper positioning for surgery
¡ Recovery can be problematic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of anesthesia gives us better recovieries?

A

Maintenance with injectable anesthetics promote better recoveries with less ataxia vs. maintenance with inhalational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Specific Risks with Equine Anesthesia

A

¡ Injury to handler and staff
¡ Injury to horse
¡ Hypoxemia with recumbency
¡ Cardiovascular complications
¡Nasal /ocularedema
¡ Corneal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when are there risks of hypoxemia for equine anesthesia?

A

¡ Can develop with inhalational or field injectable anesthesia
- Dorsal recumbency > lateral recumbency

¡ Significant if on room air without supplemental oxygen

¡ Significant in dorsal recumbency in colics due to gastrointestinal distension and reduced CO
>V/Q mismatch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the risks of hypotension for equine anesthesia?

A

¡MBP <60 - 70 mmHg
¡ Very common with inhalational anesthesia
> Even with healthy horses

¡ Prolonged hypotension increases morbidity and mortality
¡ Cardiovascular support necessary under inhalational
¡ Low BP NOT an issue with field injectable induction and maintenance techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

considerations for injury prevention with proper positions for inhalant anesthetics

A

§ Surgical tables
§ Thick padding required
§ Upper limbs supported in lateral
§ Thorax/ hind end supports in dorsal recumbency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

considerations for injury prevention with proper positions for injectable anesthetics

A

§ Lateral
* Relaxed head and neck position
* Lower fore-limb forward
* Hind limbs relaxed

§ Halter & Lead-rope on
* Towel protects eyes
* Towel or other padding for rings of halter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Specific Equine Considerations for fasting before anesthesia

A

Withhold Food but not WATER

¡ Remove Hay; Withhold grain
¡ 4-6 hours recommended
> to reduce abdominal fill and decrease compression of the diaphragm

not concerned about aspiration pneumonia as horses do not vomit

¡ <4 week old foals do not prevent nursing > 1-2 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pre-Anesthetic Conditions Requiring Stabilization

A

Significant dehydration (>5%)
Blood loss
Acidemia - pH < 7.2 / Electrolyte abnormalities
Any significant disease (cardiac/respiratory/other)
Support for a significant lameness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

good seadation in equine will impact dose of injectable or inhalant anesthetic how?

A

reduce dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

do we titrate dose of induction agent to effect in LA? why?

A

no, administer as injectable full dose amount
* To attain recumbency safely
* We cannot titrate to effect due to level of ataxia without full unconsciousness
* Then we focus on ET intubation and positioning
* We can handle small foals the same as small animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

preanesthetic sedation main options, and some secondary options

A

Main:
Xylazine
Detomidine —
Romifidine

§Phenothiazines
* Acepromazine is key drug
* Given prior to sedation with alpha2-agonist

§Benzodiazepines
* Diazepam, Midazolam
* Not good sedation in standing adult horse
-in foals gives sedation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are benzodiazepines a food options for sedation in an adult horse

A

not, but can be used for foals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

induction agents for equine anesthesia

A
  1. Propofol
  2. Alfaxalone
  3. Ketamine:Benzodiazepine
    ¡ Midazolam or diazepam
  4. Mask/Tank Inhalant
  5. Opioid and Benzodiazepine
    ¡ In very critical cases
    ¡ ASA 4-5
    ¡ Will not work in healthy patient

¡ Barbiturates - not as common now
¡ Etomidate; Telazol - not available in Canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do we use ketamine as an induction agent

A

¡ Ketamine dose is mixed with Benzodiazepine dose
>not equal volume in equine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

most common equine induction agent? does it have consistent results?

A

ketamine
¡Predictable induction and recovery for field
¡Predictable induction inhalational

Benzodiazepines are mixed with ketamine in the same syringe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

effects of ketamine & diazepam or midazolam and advantages

A

¡Sympathomimetic effects of ketamine
>Which maintains HR, BP and CO
> This benefit can last for up to 10 minutes, while ketamine concentrations in the blood are higher

¡Smooth consistent induction
> Approximately 30 seconds for recumbency

-can use appropriate volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

disadvantages of ketamine & diazepam or midazolam

A

-both are scheduled drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is Guaifenesin? what are its uses and effects? pros and cons?

A

-central acting muscle relaxant

-minimal anesthetic properties
-no resp muscle paralysis

-may cause cardiovascular depression
-no analgesia

-precipitation at room temp
-irritating; need an IV catheter

¡ Part of induction protocol when support
¡OR
¡ Maintenance with “triple drip” GKX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is Guaifenesin? what are its uses and effects? pros and cons?

Study These Flashcards
A

-central acting muscle relaxant

-minimal anesthetic properties
-no resp muscle paralysis

-may cause cardiovascular depression
-no analgesia

-precipitation at room temp
-irritating; need an IV catheter

¡ Part of induction protocol when support
¡OR
¡ Maintenance with “triple drip” GKX

22
Q

typical options of equine induction? what are considerations? when would we not want to use one of these options?

Study These Flashcards
A

-ketamine
-ketamine and diazepam
> 9-12 min sx time

ketamine and guaifenesin (gg)
÷GG only when can support ataxia
÷Swing gate
>GG NOT for open free Induction

23
Q

what type of drug is theopental and what are its advantages as an induction agent?

Study These Flashcards
A

Barbiturate
Advantages; cheap, short onset

24
Q

disadvantages of thiopental as an induction agent

Study These Flashcards
A

¡–ve CV effects-reduced BP, CO, arrhythmias likely
> Bigeminal rhythm – normal complex, then PVC ¡Respiratory effects-apnea, hypoventilation
¡Excitement on induction possible
¡ Irritating if given perivascular = tissue slough
¡Scheduled - records required
¡Currently low availability
¡Less optimal phase to recumbency
¡Poor recovery with greater ataxia

25
disadvantages of thiopental as an induction agent
¡--ve CV effects- reduced BP, CO, arrhythmias likely > Bigeminal rhythm – normal complex, then PVC ¡Respiratory effects-apnea, hypoventilation ¡Excitement on induction possible ¡ Irritating if given perivascular = tissue slough ¡Scheduled - records required ¡Currently low availability ¡Less optimal phase to recumbency ¡Poor recovery with greater ataxia
26
foal <1wk anesthesia induction agent and protocol
÷Consider the age and disease ÷Sick = referral <1 week old: ¡ Propofol, ketamine, Alfaxalone ¡ low dose, IV Less Ideal: ¡ Mask induction ¡ Nasotracheal intubation and inhalant — Pre-anesthetic Sedation Ideal
27
foal 1-2wks sedation and induction
§ Diazepam or midazolam, butorphanol sedation § Low dose alpha2-agonist § Ketamine, propofol, or alfaxalone induction
28
foal >2wks and healthy sedation and induction protocol
§ Alpha2-agonist sedation as necessary § Benzodiazepine and ketamine induction § Propofol or alfaxalone possible too § Watch Temperature and resp rate
29
what should we be mindful of/ look out for with propofol induction of a foal?
—Careful as may see: -greater respiratory depression — -decreased PaO2 -Lower blood pressures! >Vs. adult horse — >Vs. SA
30
what should we be mindful of/ look out for with propofol induction of a foal?
—Careful as may see: -greater respiratory depression — -decreased PaO2 -Lower blood pressures! >Vs. adult horse — >Vs. SA
31
induction process, general
1. Assess Sedation level; Attain IV access; Equipment prepared 2. Assess cardiorespiratory status *HR, RR, MM colour, CRT *Monitors and pre-oxygenation possible in foals 3. Give FULL induction dose all at once *Support case to positioning in lateral recumbency *For field injectable anesthesia – once positioned, start surgery – no ET tube 4. Perform ET intubation and cuff inflation, transfer to inhalant/maintenance anesthesia and permit further positioning and padding for the procedure
32
free induction safety measures and positioning
¡ Person on the head > Supporting ¡ Person on the tail (optional) >Wait 30 sec before grab tail => ↓CO from sedation => Note this time > Pull straight back ¡ Pull to preferred lateral
33
techniqe for ET intubation in euquine? when do we use/ not use?
— Blind technique — Placed for inhalational — Not used with injectable and short procedures —ET tubes expensive >Mouth gag
34
inhalant anesthesia maintenance drugs and safety considerations? Risks?
¡Isoflurane, Sevoflurane ¡↑ morbidity and mortality with sx time ≥ 4 hrs >And in sick animals Risks: ¡ localized / generalized myopathy ¡ neuropathy ¡ hypotension ¡ hypoxemia ¡ recovery excitement +/- injury ¡ Partial IV anesthesia (PIVA)
35
maintenance phase consideration for field anesthesia? how do we do it? risks?
To prolong surgery time up to 30 min: > Additional xylazine /ketamine mixed together given IV >30-50% of each initial dose >give every 5 min of surgery time based on monitoring signs Injectable anesthesia > 45min to 1 hour: ¡ increased­ risks ¡ Worsens recovery from > ataxia ¡ Watch your time ¡ Hypoxemia develops and more significant with prolonged times
36
what is the use of a triple drip mixture? what is in it? considerations?
For Maintenance of GA -GG bag >add xylazine or romifidine or detomidine and >ketamine -administer IV -careful monitoring of depth -poor recoveries if >60min
37
cardiovascular effects of propofol (HR, CO, contractility, SVR, BP, arrrythmia potential)
HR: +/- down CO: down contractility: down SVR: very down BP: very down arrhythmia potenital: +
38
cardiovascular effects of GG (HR, CO, contractility, SVR, BP, arrrythmia potential)
HR: - CO: down? contractility: down? SVR: down? BP: very down? arrhythmia potenital: -
39
cardiovascular effects of ketamine & diazepam or medazolam (HR, CO, contractility, SVR, BP, arrrythmia potential)
HR: NC or up CO: up, NC, or down (related to symp tone) contractility: up, NC, or down (related to symp tone and stores, sickness of petient) SVR: NC BP: NC or up, maybe down in sick arrhythmia potenital: ++ mostly if high rate produced
40
cardiovascular effects of inhalant anesthetics (HR, CO, contractility, SVR, BP, arrrythmia potential)
HR: NC +/- down CO: super down contractility: super down SVR: very down BP: super down arrhythmia potenital: less with iso and sevo than older older agents
41
resp effects of propofol (RR, TV, incidence of apnea, ventilatory pattern)
RR: down TV: down incidence of apnea: ++ ventilatory pattern: apnea with fast inj.
42
resp effects of GG (RR, TV, incidence of apnea, ventilatory pattern)
RR: down TV: down incidence of apnea: possible from depth. Does not paralyze diaphragm ventilatory pattern: -
43
resp effects of ketamine/BZD (RR, TV, incidence of apnea, ventilatory pattern)
RR: NC or down TV: NC incidence of apnea: + ventilatory pattern: apneustic, irregular
44
resp effects of inhalants (RR, TV, incidence of apnea, ventilatory pattern)
RR: super down with high depth apnea TV: very down incidence of apnea: ++ increased depth causes apnea which is protective ventilatory pattern: shallow and poor with increased depth
45
what should we monitor while horse in under anesthetic?
Eyes * Position * Reflexes * Tearing * Nystagmus § Muscle tone, movement * Ears, tongue, eyelids * Tail, neck, legs § Cardio-respiratory parameters
46
how much time should we give for equine recovery phase?
¡Do not rush it ¡Ideal 20 min field ¡Ideal 1 hr inhalational ¡Sedation in recovery for inhalational
47
what should we give for recovery from inhalational anesthetic?
sedation
48
positioning for equine recovery
want a sternal phase
49
methods of equine recovery dependant on:
¡Type of anesthesia ¡Time down ¡Surgery (fracture/colic) ¡Personality of horse ¡Facility you have
50
what should be allowed to move in sternal phase of recovery after injectable anesthetic? what will the process look like?
head -should be free recovery, can have a person on halter rope if wanted but dont try to restrict movement >be patient and encourage only when appropriate
51
what should the recovery after inhlalational anesthetic look like? what safety precatiouns should we make?
¡Free – alone in stall ¡ Padded room/floor ¡ Post-Inhalant > Horse sedated > Xylazine and acepromazine
52
when should we extubate a horse?
When swallowing * If you can safely remain in recovery stall with horse while lateral OR § When standing

Pharm Test 3 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions