equine derm 2

Question 1

what infectious dz is this

signalment, dx, tx

Answer 1

Papilloma
may be congenital
mainly in younger horses (1 to 4-years old)
equine papilloma virus (‘everywhere’)
multiple wart like lesions, mainly head,
incidentally elsewhere
diagnosis on clinical presentation
treatment usually not warranted
prognosis is good
cryosurgery, surgery, creams

Question 2

common areas for sarcoids

Answer 2

ears,groin, axila, face, and eyelid

it is a fibro epithelial tumor

Question 3

clinical appearance of occult sarcoid

Answer 3

it manifest as a ring of alopecia with slight scaling or skin thinning

they are commonest in the medial thigh region

Question 4

dicsuss lesions of verrucose saicoid

Answer 4

the lesions are cauliflower(warty) in appearance.

they can be focal or diffuse

single or multiple

the lesions usually produce large amounds of keratin and so have a flaky grey or scabby appearance

Question 5

discuss the types of nodular sarcoids

Answer 5

type A and B

in the type A there is no epithelial component and the skin and the tumor can be moved independently of each other.

in type B there is significant epithelial component which results in the binding of the tumor mass under the skin so that independent movement is not possible.

Question 6

this type of sarcoid has a fleshy appearance very like granulation tissue but

Answer 6

fibroblasticsarcoid

affected wounds may be extrememly difficult to tx

type 1 fibroblast has has a narrow pedunculated stalk attachment to the skin and therefore there may be obvious involvement of the subcutis in the region of the attachment while type 2 the tumor has a wide base usually wider than the underlying exuberant mass

Question 7

what kind of sarcoid tumor is this one

Answer 7

mixed sarcoid tumor

this tumor is simply a mixture of the other types in varying proportions

in reality many of the common lesions fall under this category

therapy is difficult/

Question 8

the most common skin tumors in horses

Answer 8

sarcoids

Question 9

dx for sarcords

Answer 9

bx

differentiate types of sarcoids

Question 10

tx for sarcoids

Answer 10

cryosx and bcg immunotherapy are possible

Question 11

px for sarcoids

Answer 11

guarded

they dnt metastasis but therapy is nt always successful

Question 12

what causes this dz

how is it transmitted and cured

Answer 12

ehv3

contagious veneral disease
caused by EHV-3
transmission by coitus (via insects,
fomites and inhalation)
incubation about 7 days
systemic corticosteroids may
reactivate the diseases
depigmentation may persist after
lesions have healed

rest the animal and dont breed till the dz has healed

Question 13

which dz is this, clinical appearance ,pathogenesisas well as characteristics

Answer 13

Dermatophilus congolensis
bacteria invade epidermis and root shafts
in rainy weather in horses at pasture
dorsum and lateral parts of the body
painful but no pruritus
crusts under which there is a pink-red open lesion
underside of crust is moist and yellow-greenish
pus may be present
in laboratory samples mention ‘dermatophilosis’

Question 14

tx for drmatophylosis

Answer 14

improvement of the management
removing crusts (painful!)
clip as far as possible
repeated bathing and drying
systemic antibiotics (costs!)
disease is not highly contagious but it is
sensible to isolate affected horses

Question 15

which dz is this,etiology, common areas, characterisitics, tx

Answer 15

Folliculitis and furunculosis
several bacteria
most often on tack-areas
papels – pustules
often quite painful, rarely pruritic
pustules may open and exude pus
treatment is hygiene !
sometimes systemic antibiotics indicated

Question 16

which bacteri cuses this

common areas

Answer 16

abscess

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

mostly pectoral muscle
ventral abdomen
groin

Question 17

cs of corynebcterium pseudotubeculosis infection

Answer 17

lame or reluctant to walk
depression
weight loss
small to very large abscesses
complications like purpura
haemorrhagica or ulcerative
lymphangitis
bacteria is difficult to culture

Question 18

discuss tx for corynebacterium pseudotuberosis

Answer 18

external abscesses
- mature abscesses (hot pack)
- abscess drainage and flushing
- NSAID’s (bute)
internal abscesses
- long course proc-penicillin / TMPS
limb infection (ulcerative lymphangitis

Question 19

px for corynebacterium psydotubercolosis

Answer 19

external abscesses good
internal abscesses poor
ulcerative lymphangitis guarded

Question 20

what causes cellulitis

Answer 20

several bacteria, often Staphylococci
often primary ‘entrance’ not detected
acute onset of severe swelling and pain of
one limb, often a hind limb
often extremely lame
often tachycardia and febrile
complications: cutaneous necrosis and
sloughing, laminitis, bacteremia

Question 21

tx for cellulitis

Answer 21

immediate systemic antibiotics
hydrotherapy
support bandages other limbs
NSAID’s
if within 24 hours no improvement
corticosteroids

Question 22

name the dz

characterists

Answer 22

Tail pyoderma
folliculitis and furunculosis of the tail
may cause severe pruritus and
automutilation
therapy
- clipping infected area and bathing
- systemic treatment with antibiotics
prognosis is guarded

Question 23

name this condition

etiology

lesions,tx

Answer 23

Botryomycosis = bacterial pseudomycetoma
mostly coagulase positive staphylococci
mostly solitary nonpruritic nodular growths
incidentally multiple pustules, nodules and
draining tracts over large areas of the body
affected horses are otherwise healthy
surgical excision for solitary lesions - good
TMPS systemically for multiple lesions - poor

Question 24

which lesion is dz

Answer 24

dermatophytosis

Question 25

types of dermatophysis

Answer 25

superficial skin dz trichophyton spp and microspora spp

Question 26

pathogenesis for dermatophytosis

Answer 26

they primarily invade the hair shaftsto weaken it and cause breakage some produce substances that can act as an irritatant or allergens and therefore produce pruritus

Question 27

describe the lesions of dermatophytosis

Answer 27

it often starts with small papules with erected hairs. then the classical ring shaped lesions with alopecia and some scalling may develop or may be obvious as some lesions may coalesce or appear as paint brush type areas.

Question 28

dx for drmatophytosis

Answer 28

it is done thru clinical appearance but confirmation can be done through microscopic examination of hairs and crusts for hyphae and conidia. while cx is the only definitive way.

Question 29

transmission of fungal infections

Answer 29

they are contracted through direct contact and theough indirect contact by saddle girth, brushes etc

Question 30

tx for dermatophytosis

Answer 30

it is self limiting tx is recommended to stop transmission or reduction in performance use antifungal topicals

Question 31

characteristics of fungal infections, incubation period, signalemnt, early signs

Answer 31

incubation period 6 days – 6 weeks young and debilitated horses predisposed early signs may be urticaria variable degree of associated crust and scale which is often ‘silvery’ hair can be lost in annular patches = ‘ring worm’ lesions of dermatophyte infection overlap with bacterial infection dermatophytosis is a zoonosis,

Question 32

tx for dermatophytosis

Answer 32

reduce contagion to the environment maximise horse’s ability to respond (correct predisposing factors) hasten resolution of the infection topical therapy systemic therapy? No! vaccination

Question 33

vaccination protocol for dermatophytosisi

Answer 33

Insol® Dermatophyton where to vaccinate? deep intra-muscular muscle is preferably ‘relaxed’ thigh is preferred pectoral muscle is also suitable preferably not in the neck alternate sides between vaccinations

Question 34

When to vaccinate with Insol®Dermatophyton

Answer 34

horses with clinical signs of dermatophytosis possible infected horses horses due to travel (second injection has to be administered at least 14 days prior to departure) all horses on premises with historically problems hygiene is essential !!! n.b horse has dermatophytosis, but does not show clinical signs (yet), these symptoms will show soon after vaccination

Question 35

When not to vaccinate with Insol® D ?

Answer 35

reduced immunity - foals younger than 5 months - sick or stressed horses pregnant mares ?? close before important events! hygiene is essential !!!

Question 36

where do u normally find malazezia

Answer 36

mostly in intertrigenous areas (axilla, groin, udder, prepuce, incidentally coronitis)

Question 37

what are the lesions of malaszia

Answer 37

very rare in horses greasy, waxy, often malodorous dermatitis

Question 38

example of a deep fungal infection

Answer 38

sporothrichosis it is a chronic progressive sporadic skin and sq/ lymphatic infection caused by sporothrix schenckii infection is usually introduced thru small skin wounds

Question 39

cs of sporottricosis

Answer 39

firm,well dermacated, painless sq nodulesassociated with cored hardened lymphaticscommnly on limb regions (fetlock most common) it is potentially zoonotic

Question 40

tx for sporotrichosis

Answer 40

sodium iodide sx removal of nodules is also possible

Question 41

what infection is this

Answer 41

3-year old Quarter horse mare - phaeohyphomycosis

Question 42

common transmission of mange

Answer 42

direct or indirect through grooming materials

Question 43

this mange live in skin surface and feed on skin debris

Answer 43

choriotic mange it is caused by chorioptic equi no interspecies transmission and the mite doesnt affect pple survival off host 70 days

Question 44

season for choriotic mange and area they are mostly found in the body

Answer 44

is often identified in winter in horses with feathered fedlocks. transmission is thru direct contact. the dz may be transmitted from season to season by horses that show no cs

Question 45

cs of chorioptic mange

Answer 45

cs are often limited to distal limbs and consists of scalling, fine papular eruptions but in heavy infectations the whole body can be affecte leading to general signs of pruritus, irritability and even wt loss horses may stump their feet because of irritation they may rub posts and bite at the limbs

Question 46

contributing factors for mange and season

Answer 46

mostly late winter – early spring contributing factors - crowding - prolonged stabling - suboptimal nutrition - environmental temperature limited host specificity

Question 47

characteristics of sarcoptic mange

Answer 47

0.25-0.6 mm in diameter tunnel through epidermis feed on tissue fluids + epidermal cells life cycle on host ± 2-3 weeks off-host survival time only a few days ‘endangered species’ N.B it is a digging mite while choriotic is a non burrowing mite

Question 48

location of sarcoptic mange, and clinical appearance

Answer 48

starts on the head very severe pruritus anaemia may occur secondary infections may occur mites very difficult to find often ‘diagnostic therapy’

Question 49

tx for sarcopts mange

Answer 49

treatment with appropriate spray or dip at least two times - 10-14 days between few or even no products licensed in the Netherlands we use foxim – Sebacil® ivermectine should be useful reportable disease in many countries

Question 50

characteristics of this mange

Answer 50

Psoroptes equi 0.4-0.8 mm long nonburrowing feed on tissue fluids life cycle on host ± 10 days 14-18 days off-host survival time but incidentally up to 84 days?

Question 51

clinical appearance of psoroptes mange

Answer 51

pruritic dermatitis of trunc and/or ear disease with head shaking mane and tail seborrhoea mites rarely found

Question 52

treatment for psoroptes mange

Answer 52

ivermectine is very effective in the treatment of psoroptes otoacariasis and/or dermatitis eggs are not killed – second dose after 14 days necessary efficacy of ivermectine may be explanation for ‘extinction’ often unnecessary treatment in the ears??

Question 53

characterists of this ectoparasite

Answer 53

Thrombiculidiasis thrombiculid larvae ± 0.2-0.4 mm long thrombiculid adults and nymphes are freeliving larvae normally feed on tissue fluids of small rodents, but incidentally horses generally in late summer and fall entire life-cycle 50-70 days (7-10 days feeding as larvae on host)

Question 54

lesions of Thrombiculidiasis dx and tx

Answer 54

infestation primarily in pastured horses papules and wheals muzzle, face, distal limbs to make the diagnosis: chigger larva seen in the centre of the lesion variable pruritus often self-limiting / topical treatment

Question 55

characteristics of this ectoparasite

Answer 55

Demodex ± 0.2 mm long (D.caballi + D. equi ) normal residents of the skin in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands feed on normal debris life cycle takes ± 20-35 days on the host survival off host few hours to days probably not a contagious disease

Question 56

when does demodex become clinical

Answer 56

only clinical after long-term glucocorticoid treatment most times asymptomatic alopecia and scaling, over the face, neck, shoulders and forelimbs papules and pustules may be seen deep skin scrapings necessary treatment not attempted

Question 57

this parasite is contacted by horse which live close to chickens

Answer 57

Dermanyssus gallinae ± 0.6-1.0 mm long incidentally on horses pruritic papules and crusts in contact areas horse can be sprayed or dipped eradication of the mite from the premises (and the poultry)

Question 58

which tick is this plus cs, season

Answer 58

Dermacentor reticulatus same as ixodes spring n summer incidentally in spring and summer may attack any part of the body surface paples, pustules, wheals later crusts, erosions, ulcers, alopecia pain and pruritus are variable anaemia

Question 59

which ectoparasite is this discuss its cs, season and lesions

Answer 59

Werneckiella equi 3-6 mm in lenght (nits 1-2 mm) ‘moving dust’ more in winter months feeds on cutaneous debris prefers dorsal trunk pruritus mild to moderate varying degrees of scaling and alopecia

Question 60

which parasite caused this lesions

Answer 60

Werneckiella equi

Question 61

name this parasite, its favourable areas in the body

Answer 61

Haematopinus asini 3-6 mm in lenght (nits 1-2 mm) very rare in our area feeds on blood and tissue fluid favor main, tail and fetlocks may cause anaemia

Question 62

this parasite is active in summer and adult females glue eggs to hairs on legs and shoulders

Answer 62

Gastrophiliasis – bots Gasterophilus intestinalis = G. equi G. nasalis, G. haemorrhoidalis, G. pecorum, G. inermis active in summer adult females glue eggs to hairs on legs and shoulders cutaneous gastrophiliasis – 1-2 mm wide greyish-white crooked streaks

Question 63

Answer 63

Gastrophiliasis – bots

Question 64

which parasite is this

Answer 64

Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum close contact to cattle egg – larvae – skin penetration – subcutaneous tissue H. bovis – spinal canal and epidural fat H. lineatum – submucosal connective tissue of the oesophagus second stage larvae to dorsum swellings of the back with breathing pore

Question 65

Hypoderma – therapy

Answer 65

confirm diagnosis !! enlarging breathing pore and extracting the larva surgical excision of the whole nodule wait and allow larvae to drop out by themselves prevention: deworming with ivermectin or moxidectin

Question 66

common places for this parasite

Answer 66

Hippobosca equina – louse fly adult louse suck blood tender to cluster in the perineal and inguinal regions only in import horses horses may be ‘irritated’ therapy: insecticide

Question 67

this fly adult blowflies lay clusters of light-yellow eggs in wounds

Answer 67

**Lucilia sericata – myiasis** adult blowflies lay clusters of light-yellow eggs in wounds larvae hatch within 8-72 hours larvae reach full size in 2-19 days treatment - cleansing and debriding - topical insecticide - symptomatic therapy

Question 68

where do u find oxyubiris

Answer 68

Oxyuris equi , Probstmayria vivipara lives in coecum and colon adult females lay eggs around anus variable pruritus incidentally restless and irritable acetate tape – diagnosis therapy: routine worming also knon as pin worms

Question 69

clinical dz for habronemiasis discuss season

Answer 69

summer sores swamp cancer granular dermatitis begins in spring and summer regresses partially or completely in winter

Question 70

discuss the lyf cycle of hebronemiasis

Answer 70

H. muscae, H. majus + Draschia megastoma adults inhabit the stomach eggs and larvae passed with faeces Musca domestica + Stomoxys calcitrans infectious larvae deposited on the horse in moist areas or open wounds larvae near mounth are swallowed – complete parasitic life-cycle

Question 71

treatment for habronemiasis

Answer 71

perhaps partly a hypersensitivity disorder - sporadic (one animal in a herd) - seasonal - recurs in same horse every summer - systemic corticosteroids may be curative no optimal therapeutic protocol (surgery, local and systemic therapy)

Question 72

which parasite did this

Answer 72

Parafilaria multipapillosa parafilariasis haemorrhagic filariasis summer bleeding only import horses in the Netherlands adult worms (3-7 cm) live in the connective tissues coiled within nodules nodules open at the surface and discharge a blood exsudate (eggs, larvae) therapy: time + avermectines?

Question 73

which parasite is this where does it live in the body its intermidiate host

Answer 73

Onchoceriasis O. cervicalis, O. reticulata, O. gutturosa adult worms live in lichamentum nuchae or in connective tissues of tendons microfilaria numerous in ventral midline Culicoides spp. are intermediate host in the Netherlands not diagnosed for over 25 years

Question 74

name the parasite and its characteristics

Answer 74

Halicephalobiasis Halicephalobus gingivalis = Halicephalobus deletrix = Micronema deletrix = Rhabditis gingivalis details of life cycle not known multiple organ systems can be infected cutaneous lesions uncommon diagnosis confirmed by biopsy treatment ??

Question 75

proper way of cooling the horse

Answer 75

30 s. whole body cooling with cold water 30 s. walking in a circle temperature should fall 1oC / 10 min. allow horse to drink

Question 76

when should you stop cooling the horse

Answer 76

if body temperature \< 38.0-39.0 oC if skin over the quarters is cool after walking if respiratory rate \< 30 breaths/min if horse shivers

Question 77

what condition is this

Answer 77

Arabian fading syndromeo

Question 78

what condition is this

Answer 78

melanoma

Question 79

what lesion is this

Answer 79

sarcoid

Question 80

what dz is this

Answer 80

melanoma

Question 81

what condition is this

Answer 81

aloppecia areata

Question 82

which paraste causes this

Answer 82

choriotic mange

Question 83

which dz is this

Answer 83

Leucosis Eosinophilic granuloma

Question 84

what condition is this

Answer 84

saicoid wound that grows

Question 85

what condition is this

Answer 85

habronemiasis wound that grows

Question 86

what parasite is this one

Answer 86

sucking lice

Question 87

what parasites causes this

Answer 87

Chorioptes equi Chorioptes equi , often lives with many!

Question 88

how is this dz dx

Answer 88

diagnosis by ‘diagnostic treatment’.

Question 89

what is going on here

Answer 89

Thick bite – Ixodes ricinus

Question 90

which tick spp is this

Answer 90

Hyalomma marginatum

Question 91

which tick spp i this

Answer 91

Dermacentor reticulatus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Dermacentor\_reticulatus\_M\_070825.jpg

Question 92

which condition is this

Answer 92

Dermatophilus congolensis – specific crusts Painful and pink lesions