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digestion and metabolism - Wk 3 > equine nutrition > Flashcards

equine nutrition Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

what makes up the foregut

A
  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
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2
Q

what makes up the hindgut

A
  • cecum
  • large colon
  • small colon
  • rectum
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3
Q

what is the function of the mouth

A
  • selection
  • chewing
  • saliva
  • swallowing
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4
Q

what type of teeth do horses have and what are incisors and molars used for

A
  • hypsodont teeth
  • incisors: shear forage
  • molars: grind food
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5
Q

what is the capacity of the small stomach

A

only holds 2-4 gallons in a 1100 lb horse

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6
Q

what does the stomach continually secrete

A

HCl and Pepsin

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7
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

50-70ft

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8
Q

what occurs in the SI

A
  • most nutrients digested (proteins, CHO, fat)
  • most vitamins and minerals absorbed
  • water not absorbed - helps move the food through GI
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9
Q

what does the pancreas do

A
  • islet cells secrete insulin and glucagon
  • production/secretion of enzymes
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10
Q

what does the liver do

A
  • emulsification of fat
  • bile secreted continuously by liver
  • no gall bladder for bile storage
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11
Q

what is the purpose of LI

A
  • forage fermentation
  • water absorptoin
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12
Q

where are liquids passed to in the GI tract

A

cecum

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13
Q

what is the cecum

A
  • 3-4 ft long
  • contains bacteria to digest fiber and simple CHO
  • blind pouch, digesta moves in and out
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14
Q

what is microbial fermentation in the cecum

A
  • bacteria, protozoa, fungi
  • VFA
  • B-vitamins, VK
  • gas production
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15
Q

absorption in cecum

A
  • fermentation products
  • VFA usef for energy
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16
Q

transit time in cecum

A
  • slow - 38 to 48 h
  • liquids - 5 h
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17
Q

how long is the LI and how many gallons is it

A
  • 10-12 ft long
  • 14-26 gallons
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18
Q

what are the 4 parts of the LI

A
  • right ventral colon
  • sternal flexure to left ventral colon
  • pelvic flexure to left dorsal colon
  • diaphragmatic flexure to right dorsal colon
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19
Q

where are common places for impaction

A

sternal and diaphragmatic flexures

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20
Q

how long is the small colon and how many gallons does it hold

A
  • 10 ft long
  • 5 gallons
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21
Q

what is the function of the small colon

A
  • water absorption
  • formation of fecal balls
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22
Q

how long is rectum

A

1 ft

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23
Q

what is the function of the rectum

A

storage reservoir

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24
Q

what are the functions of carbs

A
  • glucose - fuel for tissues (muscle and liver glycogen)
  • fiber - affects GI motility and alter absorption of other nutrients
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25
what are the types of feeds that contain CHOs
* starch - faster breakdown (cereal grains) * fiber - slower breakdown (forages) * high CHO to glucose then fat (obesity and excitability)
26
lipids
* high energy density * absorb fat sol vitamins * natural feedstuffs = 2-4% * high fat feed 10-12% * no gallbladder so can't digest high fat diets
27
what can fats do
* increase energy density * improve body condition
28
what are the most common fats
vegetable oil or rice bran
29
how much fat can the average horse digest
17-18 oz of fat
30
what is the most expensive component of the diet
protein
31
what does protein do to diet
* provides AA * used to increase muscle mass * important for lactating mares and growing foals * provides some energy
32
what are signs of protein deficiency
* weight loss, muscle * poor performance * rough, course hair
33
what are minerals needed for
* maintenance * fluid balance * nerve conduction * muscle contraction
34
what does sweating increase the need for
Na, Cl, and K
35
what is the best source of vitamins and minerals
pasture
36
calcium
important for foals skeletal growth
37
phosphorus
ratio of Ca:P = 2:1
38
magnesium
role in protein synthesis and metabolism
39
copper
deficiency could lead to cartilage malformation
40
zinc
interfere with Cu absorption if too high
41
manganese
needed for cartilage generation and some repair
42
what are structural CHO
forages or roughages * pasture, hay, cubes
43
what are non-structural CHO
concentrates * cereal grains * protein supplements * mineral supplements * vitamin supplements
44
how much should horses consume of forage per day
at least 1.5% of their BW * 1000 lb horse = 15 lb DM as forage minimum
45
legumes
* higher in protein and energy * more leaves than the grasses * require optimal growth conditions (warm weather and good soil)
46
grasses
* grow in humid and cold weather * survive in poor soil conditions
47
what is an example of a cool season grass
timothy
48
what is an example of a warm season grass
orchardgrass
49
what is an example of a legume
alfalfa
50
properties of grains (concentrates)
* fiber - low * energy - high * protein - low * cost - reasonable
51
oats
* most popular * lower energy value * higher fiber * more palatable * more digestive * can be expensive
52
corn
* very palatable * 2x energy as oats * low in fiber * easy to over feed * mold can be lethal
53
wheat
* mostly for humans * expensive * small hard kernels * high energy * lower palatability
54
milo
* small hard kernel * not palatable * used in grain mixes * high energy * low fiber
55
barley
* hard hulls * medium fiber and energy
56
flaxseed
* high in omega 3 * 35% protein * 85% digestible
57
rice bran
* high energy * high in fat * high in fiber * very palatable
58
beet pulp
* highly fermentable fiber * used in high fiber feeds * low calorie, sugars
59
rye
* high energy ingredient * used in mixtures
60
how many hrs per day do horses graze
12-16 hrs
61
how much do horses consume daily
2.5% BW
62
what are balancer pellets
* pellets with concentrated vitamin and minerals * fed with a commercial concentrate or oats of a horse requiring higher energy to maintain weight
63
males
* less susceptible to reproductive problems caused by nutrition * more nutrient requirements than maintenance * obestity can make lethargic (lose libido, less fertile)
64
females with poor nutrition
* prevent cycling * decrease # of eggs ovulated * decreased birth weight
65
obese females
* delay puberty * decrease fertility * increase embryonic mortality
66
physiological events in trimesters 1 &2 | early gestation
* embryo development * fetus has priority * no extra nutrients required for mares
67
nutrition in trimesters 1&2
* maintenance * mostly pasture or grass/legume hay * 10% CP
68
events during trimester 3 | late gestation
* fetal growth/development * fetal priority over mare * decreased GI space * maintain condition for early lactation
69
nutrition during trimester 3
* forage: ad libitu, to quality hay or pasture * energy: increase 12-14% above maintenance * CP: 12% * vitamin A and E increase (IgG) * mineral requirements Ca .5: P .35
70
tall fescue can be ___
toxic * contain endophyte that produces ergolavine
71
symptpms is grazed in last trimester
* prolonged gestation * abortions * premature separation of placenta * retained placenta * agalactia
72
fescue
* check for tall fescue in pastures * unless endophyte-free varieties planted * remove brood mares 30-90 days before foaling
73
early lactation
* highest energy requirement * dietary protein and fat influence milk composition
74
nutrition in early lactation
* forage: high quality grass/legume mix * CP: 14-16% * Ca (.5%): P (.35%)
75
physiological events in late lactation
* milk yield decreasing * maintain mare and foal condition * pasture quality decreasing * growth rate stable * foals cartilage and bone maturing
76
nutrition in late lactation
* forage increasing * milk decreasing * creep feeding foals
77
order of growth
1. bone 2. muscle 3. fat
78
what is the growth rate
~2.8 lbs/day
79
what is wrong with rapid growth
* lead to bone growth problems * DOD = developmental orthopedic disease
80
what growth stage has the highest growth requirements
weanlings * rapid growth rate * protein and energy needs to be higher
81
when does creep deeding occur
8-12 weeks old
82
issues with weanlings
* winter and weaning - diet change * developmental disorders * attention to growth, condition, and development * maintain stable growth * minimize stress
83
nutrition in weanlings
* quality forage * multiple feedings * CP - 14-16% * Ca - 0.8-1% * P - 0.5-0.7%
84
nutrition in yearlings
* quality forage * CP: 12% * Ca: 0.8-1% * P: 0.5-0.7% * multiple feedings
85
season in yearlings
* day length * temo * pastyre grows rapidly * increase intake
86
how much energy is needed for very heavy activity level (race, event, endurance)
* 2x energy needed * from 16.7 to 34.5 DE
87
what are readily available CHO
* sugars and starches * rapidly digested and absorbed in SI
88
what are slower available CHO
* beet pulp or soy hulls * fermented in LI * takes longer to turn to energy
89
endurance horses | energy utlilization
* long term exercise utlilizes fatty acids as primary energy source * need muscle glycogen
90
racehorses | energy utilization
* short term exercise * perfominantly uses muscle glycogen
91
pre-exercise feeding
* hyperglycemia occurs after digestion of grain meals * glucose and insulin peak 60-90 min after meal (insulin promotes fat storage) (exercise wil use the more available CHO)
92
post-exercise feeding
* specifically for endurance horses (replete the glycogen, 2-4 lb of a cereal grain an hour after exercise)
93
water
* exercise: increases heat production * dissipated in sweat and respiration * increase losses of electrolytes (Na, Cl, K) * dehydration decreases performance
94
what are the largest portion of electrolytes
Na, Cl, K and in smaller amounts Ca and Mg
95
what should the first ingredient be in electrolytes
salt (sodium chloride) * if it doesn't taste like salt it will not do anything

digestion and metabolism - Wk 3 (5 decks)

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