Equine Repro Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
What are some of the methods of artificial lighting?
A
Constant lighting (14-16 hr day), intermittent (1-2hrs during night) or gradual increase
2
Q
What should the intensity of light be for artificial lighting?
A
You can just read a newspaper in the stable
3
Q
List 2 dopamine antagonists and describe how they work
A
Sulpiride or domperidone. Increase prolactin secretion to increase LH receptors
4
Q
Why would we choose to use a dopamine antagonist?
A
Used to induce oestrus in mares not undergoing ovulation
5
Q
How else can we induce early onset of oestrus?
A
Give mare increasing amounts of artificial light and commence treatment with domperidine daily once follicles are 15mm. can also give progestins in the late transition period when follicle >25mm.
6
Q
What do you need to keep in mind when managing a mare that has not yet ovulated this season?
A
It is best to confirm if the mare has ovulated at least once this season before treatment because anovulation may occur if the mare remains transitional
7
Q
List some of the methods used to synchronize oestrus/ovulation in mares
A
Terminate luteal phase, lengthen the luteal phase, induce ovulation or inhibit follicular development
8
Q
How many shots of prostaglandin injection is most effective in inducing oestrus?
A
2 shots 2 weeks apart
9
Q
How can you lengthen the luteal phase?
A
Exogenous progestins: 10-15 days of Altrenogest, cue-mare or compound pharmacy, progesterone
10
Q
What are some admin methods of progestins?
A
Orally, injectable or Cue-mare
11
Q
How can you induce ovulation?
A
hCG (human chorionic gondaotropin) or deslorelin acetate
12
Q
After what day post-partum is pregnancy conception survival significantly higher?
A
15
13
Q
What are some of the approaches to breeding a foal heat?
A
Scan mares during early post-partum period, breed mares at foal heat if ovulation is >10 days and there is little/no fluid. If ovulation occurs before day 10 and/or fluid remains in the uterus, delay breeding and administerPGF2a 5-6 days post ovulation
14
Q
How can you immunologically suppress oestrus?
A
GnRH vaccine called equity, 2 doses 30 days apart. Use in mares that are not intended for breeding. Induces anoetrus within 4 weeks. Duration of action is normally one year.
15
Q
How else can you suppress oestrus?
A
Ovarectomy, theoretically aborting a 40 day pregnancy, glass marbles,
16
Q
How can you induce oestrus in the mare?
A
Artificial lighting, dopamine antagonists, GnRH, progestins and combinations of methods
17
Q
What method would you use to induce ovulation in the mare?
A
Administer hCG or deslorelin when a follicle 35mm in diameter is present
18
Q
How could you delay breeding at foal heat?
A
Delay ovulation by administration of altrenogest (progestin) from the day of foaling until day 8, inject PGF2a on day 9
19
Q
What are the advantages of AI in the mare?
A
Genetic gain, disease control, reduces mare contamination, safety, prevents overuse of stallions, enables semen to be regularly evaluated, less transport of horses
20
Q
What are the disadvantages of AI in mare?
A
Restrictions of AI on certain breeds, need to be organized, transport may not arrive on time
21
Q
Describe the process of collecting and preparing semen for transport or preservation
A
The stallion has a mare in sight teasing. The penis is washed to minimize contamination and he then approaches the phantom. Upon mounting the phantom the semen is collected with the AV. Once collected the warm water in the AV is removed and the semen is collected into the vial. A semen extender that may contain buffer, protein, energy and/or antibiotics is added to the fresh semen at a normal ration of 1:3 Semen:extender. You want 500 million progressively motile, normal semen per AI mare.
22
Q
What is the management protocol for AI mares with either cooled or frozen semen
A
Open the package, check the instruction, check correct stallion and mare, aspirate into syringe and inseminate after checking mare is well. Can AI mare with fresh 5 days before ovulation. With frozen semen need to thaw and AI mare 12 hrs before and 6 hours after ovulation. Can use double insemination or single insemination for frozen. If only single insemination scan every 6 hours until ovulation and then AI when ovulation occurs. RE-examine mare less than 12 hrs post ovulation to confirm ovulation and to look for the presence of any fluid.
23
Q
Describe the methods of equine embryo collection and transfer in mares
A
Synchronize ovulation between donor and recipient mares ? breed donor mare ? flush uterus of donor mare and retrieve embryo (usually day 6,7,8 post ovulation) ? wash and evaluate embryo ? load into transfer straw ? transfer to uterus of recipient. Transfer can be surgical or non-surgical
24
Q
Describe how you would prepare embryo transfer recipients
A
Age 3 ? 10 yrs, ovulated 1 day before or 0-3 days after the donor mare, need to have had more than 2 cycles before transfer. Synchronize mares with PGs, progestins and progesterone
25
What are some abnormalities of the vagina?
Persistant hymen, laceration, adhesions, urine pooling, vaginal bleeding
26
Describe a persistent hymen
A vestibule vaginal junction just cranial to the urethral opening that can prevent intromission and may need to be incised if breeding is required. The caudal end of the paramesonephric duct fails to join the invagination of the vestibule.
27
Why do an endometrial biopsy?
To evaluate the endometrium and provide a diagnostic and prognostic aid
28
What are the two types of endometrial cysts?
Glandular and lymphatic lacunae
29
What is the clinical significance of cysts?
Large numbers have been associated with infertility and interfers with embryo migration. Can create confusion on pregnancy diagnosis
30
How do you diagnose and treat cysts?
Cysts on ultrasound are not spherical , may have an irregular outline and are consistent in position and do not increase in size. Ultrasound, uteroscopy and biopsy. Treat by cyst ablation for larger cysts using biopsy forceps, needle aspiration or laser forceps
31
What are the clinical signs of gonadal dysgenesis (chromosomal abnormalities)?
External genitalia are female, vulva may be smaller than normal and stature may be smaller. Persistent or irregular periods of anoestrus. Small ovaries, small uterus and a flaccid paled dilated cervix.
32
How do you diagnose gonadal dysgenesis?
Karyotyping
33
What is the most common neoplasia reproductive disease of mares?
Granulosa thecal cell tumor
34
What are the three main presentations of granulosa thecal cell tumors?
Anoestrus, prolonged oestrus behaviour or stallion like behaviour
35
What are the hormonal findings of GTCT?s?
Elevated inhibin, elevated testosterone and elevated anti-mullerian hormone
36
What are the other clinical findings of GTCT?s?
Slightly enlarged ovary and one small ovary, on ultrasound a honey comb appearance, needs to be differentiated from ovarian haemotoma (haemotomas appear quickly and regress over time). Treatment: ovariectomy and horse returns to normal usually within 8 months
37
What can cause irregular oestrus cycles?
Vernal transmission and age related cycle irregularities (getting too old for getting jiggy)
38
AT what age does fertility decline in mares and how so?
13 and then again at 20 drastically. This is due to abnormal oocytes which when fertilized experience a higher rate of early embryonic loss
39
What can be cause of anoestrus in mares?
Season, nutrition, disease, ovarian tumors, chromosomal abnormalities, lactational anoestrus
40
What are anovulatory follicles?
Follicles that reach ovulatory size during oestrus but fail to ovulate. And may stay that way for weeks ? intrafollicular haemorhhage can then occur. There is an increase in Echogenicity of antrum associated with haemorrhage into follicle.
41
What is metritis?
Inflammation of the myometrium
42
What are the mechanisms by which endometritis causes infertility?
Induces release of PGF2a and placentitis
43
What are the 5 main types of endometritis?
Post mating endometritis, chronic endometritis, transitional endometritis, pyometra, endometriosis
44
What are some conformational factors that can contribute to the development of endometritis?
Incompetent vulval seal, cranial sloping of the vagina, tears in vulval lips, rectovaginal fistula, incompetent vestibule-vaginal constriction
45
How can you treat transient endometritis?
Correct conformational abnormality
46
What is the definition of post mating-induced endometritis?
Retention of >2cm of fluid in the uterus > 18hrs after breeding
47
Why do mares get post mating endometritis?
Mares maintain an excessive amount of fluid and are unable to clear the fluid from the uterus. Provides for a favourable site for bacteria and retention of dead sperm.
48
What are the predisposing factors for post-mating endometritis?
Age, reduced myometrium activity, failure of cervix to relax in oestrus, insufficient reasorption into lymphatics,
49
How do you diagnose post- mating endometritis?
Ultrasound
50
How do you treat post-mating endometritis?
Sexual rest, minimum contaminating breeding technique, limiting breeding to one per round, uterine lavage, ecbolics, intrauterine antibiotics, exercise
51
What are ecbolics and what are they used for?
Cause contractions of the myometrium. Oxytocin and prostaglandins.
52
Would you give prostaglandin post ovulation?
NOOOOOOOO ? due to risk of decreasing plasma comcentration of progesterone
53
What are the pre-breeding strategies for avoiding post mating endometritis?
Use of oxytocin, digitally dilating cervix, lavage and single mating
54
What are the after mating strategies for avoiding post mating endometritis?
Oxytocin, lavage and oxytocin 24hrs after, low volume of non-irritant antibiotic, re-examine next day and repeat treatment if needed.
55
What are the signs of chronic endometritis?
History of infertility, matting of tail hairs, exudate, ultrasound there is fluid accumulation, urine pooling and faecel debri in vulva
56
What are the most common infectious causes (agents) of chronic endometritis?
Strep. Equi zooepidemicus, E.coli,
57
How do you diagnose endometritis?
Cytology, culture and biopsy
58
When should you do the testing for endometritis?
In oestrus the uterus is more resistant to human introduced bugs but may give contamination to our sample. In dioestrus culture better but we will probably introduce bugs to the sterile uterus.
59
How should you interpret your diagnostic tests?
You need to find more than one line of evidence to indicate a clinically significant infection is present.
60
How do you treat chronic endometritis?
Correct conformational abnormalities, check cervix, lavage, ecbolics, antimicrobial therapy
61
How do you try to prevent chronic endometritis?
Use minimum contamination breeding techniques: wash the horse genitalia, use AI, pre-treat mares uterus with antibiotics with extender (must be non-spermocidal), post breeding uterine lavage and ecbolic treatment. Sexual rest, immune stimulants, immune stimulants and mucolytics.
62
How would you treat fungal induced endometritis?
Uterine lavage and antifungals
63
How do you diagnose Taylorella Equigenitalis?
Swab and culture of clitoral surfaces and urethral surfaces.
64
How do you treat Taylorella Equigenitalis?
Intrauterine infusion and topical treatment. Local clitoral treatment and interuterine treatment (penicillin), clitoral sinusectomy
65
How do you treat pyometra?
Induce luteolysis, establish drainage, lavage, intrauterine antibiotic therapy
66
What is endometriosis?
Chronic degenerative changes within the endometrium associated with age and increase of births.
67
How do you diagnose endometriosis?
Endometrial biopsy
68
How do you treat endometriosis?
Correct conformational abnormalities, saline lavage,
69
What are the ultrasonic signs of early embryonic loss?
Irregular shape of embryonic vesicle, prolonged mobility of vesicle, fluid in uterine lumen, loss of heartbeat, undersized embryo for age, excessive endometrial oedema
70
How do you manage early embryonic loss?
Serial exams day 12-60. Progesterone, nutrition, NSAID, re-breeding, terminate pregnancy
71
What can cause uterine insufficiency?
Aging and fibrosis
72
What is a uterine body pregnancy?
When the embryo fixes in the uterine body rather than the base of the horn ? placental insufficiency, retarded foetal growth
73
What is hydrops of the foetal membranes?
Excessive accumulation of foetal fluids within the fluid membranes
74
What are the two types of hydrops?
Hydrops amnion and hydrops allantois (most common one)
75
What are the clinical signs of hydrops?
Enlarged abdomen, on rectal palpation feel enlarged uterus and maybe foetus not palpable, upon ultrasound there is excessive allantoic or amniotic fluid. Depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, tachypnoea
76
What is the treatment of hydrops?
Induction of abortion (foetus usually non-viable), pretreat mare with IV fluids and assit birth to avoid dystocia, supplementary treatment for maybe months
77
What are some complications of hydrops?
Rupture of prepubic tendon or abdominal musculature, inguinal herniation, uterine rupture, abortion
78
What are the pre-disposing factors of ventral abdominal ruptures?
Older mares, mares with twins, hydrops allantois, trauma
79
What are the signs and cause of ventral abdominal ruptures?
Ventral swelling, oedema, abdominal pain, swellin of udder, ?sawhorse?, subcutaneous haemorrhage and cold abdominal skin
80
What is the treatment of ventral abdominal ruptures?
Save mare: induce parturition. Save foal: apply support wraps and nursing until parturition, euthanasia is medical treatment not warranted
81
What is luteal insufficiency?
Luteolysis or inadequate production of P4 concentrations up to days 80-120
82
What are the treatment options for luteal insufficiency?
Treat with altrenogest until day 60 check p4, check until day 120, treat until 2 weeks before parturition and gradually decrease dose when ending treatment
83
What are the clinical indications for progesterone supplementation?
History of early embryonic loss, mares induced to ovulate that likely to be compromised, placentitis, evidence of uterine oedema, small for age vesicles, plasma concentrations of P4 low, non-ovulatory mares that are used as recipients for ET
84
What is a contraindication of progesterone supplementation?
Endometritis
85
What should you tell the client who has a twin pregnancy?
86
Describe the origin of twins in mares
Dizygotic twins that can be uni or bilateral (monozygotic twins rare)
87
What is the deprivation hypothesis?
Unilateral fixation may result in interference in contact between the endometrium and trophoblast of one or both embryonic vesicles. It is hypothesized that this results in nutrient deprivation and early embryonic death.
88
How could you manage a mare that is about to double ovulate?
AI ? do nothing OR wait until day 32 and induce abortion OR kill one embryo
89
How would you reduce a twin pregnancy at days 21-30?
If bilateral crush one OR unilateral leave
90
When is the umbilical cord considered a cause of abortion?
If you see swelling or discolouration
91
Outline the approach to investigating an equine abortion case
History, examine foetus and placenta, collect specimens, examine mare and implement management plan
92
What factors do you need to consider when beginning investigation
Reproductive history, gestation length, stage of pregnancy where abortion occurred, clinical signs before and after, recent introductions, vaccinations, diseases, transportation, housing and environment and feed/water
93
What do you think when the foetus is smaller than usual for gestation length?
Suggests untrauterine growth retardation arising from chronic placental disease
94
What do you think if foetus is normal size and weight?
EHV-1 ? acute abortion
95
What would you see if the infection is ascending through the cervix?
A thickened area extending from the cervical star
96
What do you see with pre-mature placental separation?
Dramatic colour differences that show the tissue part that become separated
97
What specimens should you try collect for abortion?
Dam : serum and uterine swab. Foetus:foetal serum
98
Outline a management plan for examining a horse that has aborted
Determine whether is sporadic or infectious, notifiable disease?, isolation, separation, vaccination EHV-1, quarantine
99
What is EHV-1?
A herpes virus in horses that cause respiratory disease, neurological disease and abortion and neonatal deaths
100
When do horses usually abort with EHV-1?
Later in gestation ? 7-10 months
101
What are the clinical signs of a foetus that has aborted due to EHV-1?
Foetus can be fresh or autolyzed, may be signs of pulmonary oedema, hydrothorax
102
How do you diagnose EHV-1?
Fluorescent antibody test, virus isolation, PCR
103
How would you aim to control EHV-1?
Vaccination, subdivision, isolation and stress reduction
104
How would you manage an EHV-1 outbreak?
Isolate aborting mare/s, dispose foetus and disinfect areas contaminated, establish early diagnosis, prevent spread, if EHV-1 separate in contact mares into smaller groups
105
Describe equine viral arteritis in Australia?
Low virulent strains that uncommonly cause abortion. Notifiable disease.
106
What are the most common bacterial causes of abortion?
Strep. Zooepidemicus, E.coli
107
Describe Nocardia placentitis and abortion
Abortion usually occurs last 1/3 of trimester and the foetus can be very small, usually sporadic, restricted to a placentitis, usually affects the base of the uterine horn
108
If an abortion is caused by Norcardia, what will you see on the aborted placenta?
Avillious area at the base of the uterine horn. Thick brown purulent exudate coats the chorionic surface
109
What are the general routes of infection for Nocardia placentitis?
Haemotogenous, ascending and residue associated with breeding
110
What causes mare reproductive loss syndrome?
Processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer
111
What are the clinical signs of Mare Reproductive Loss syndrome?
Early or late foetal loss, mares may have uveitis or pericarditis and time of abortion coincides with caterpillar presence
112
Describe the pathology of Mare Reproductive Loss syndrome
Bronchopneumonia and funisitis. A number of different bacteria.
113
Describe the pathogenesis of Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
Once ingested, barbed setal fragments breach the GI mucosa allowing rapid haemotogenous spread of bacteria
114
How would you try to control mare reproductive loss syndrome?
Remove horses from caterpillar area, feed concentrates in bins, muzzle horses in affected area, remove trees, systemic antibiotics
115
What are some of the fungal causes of abortion in mares?
Aspergillus, candida, Cryptococcus
116
What is the route of infection and pathology caused by fungal infections?
Usually ascending. Leads to progressive placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth retardation ? abortion of dead or non-viable foetus
117
What are the clinical signs of placentitis/late pregnancy failure?
Vulvuar discharge, premature lactation, placental thickening, foetal tachycardia, premature foaling/abortion,
118
What are the main causes of placentitis?
Bacteria ? Step. Zooepidemicus
119
Describe the treatment plan for placentitis?
Maintain pregnancy until foal is mature enough, systemic antibiotics
120
Describe how you would assess pregnancy with transrectal ultrasound
Combined thickness of uterus and placenta, site
121
What are some abnormal findings during ultrasound of pregnancy?
CTUP >1.5cm, separation of chorioallantois andincreased Echogenicity of allantoic or amniotic fluid
122
Describe the mammary secretions during pregnancy
Increase in milk Ca occurs over the last 6 days of pregnancy
123
What changes do you see withCaCO3, pH and refractometry index as a mare approaches parturition?
CaCO3 ? increases, pH decreases and refractometry index increases
124
How do you try to manage/treat placentitis?
Antibiotics, progestins and NSAIDs
125
Outline examination of a post-partum mare
Placental expulsion
126
What is a ?red-bag??
PREMATURE PLACENTAL SEPARATION. Chorion separates from the endometrium but does not rupture. The chorionic surface can be seen bulging through the vulva. Foetal hypoxia occurs ? foetal death or weakness
127
How do you treat red-bag?
Rupture the chorioallantois manually and deliver foal ASAP. May need oxygen
128
What are the signs of uterine artery rupture?
Lethargy, colic, depression, cardiovascular shock, tachycardia
129
How would you diagnose uterine artery rupture?
Rectal exam: swelling of the broad ligaments, transabdominal ultrasound to detect blood in peritoneal cavity
130
How do you treat uterine artery rupture?
Control pain and anxiety (flunixin/butorphenol/xylazine/detomidine/fluids/TPS/penicillin. Promote homeostasis, treat hypovolaemia, antibiotics, confine to a small stall
131
What are the clinical signs of uterine torsion?
Colic, restlessness, sweating, anorexia, frequent urination, saw horse stance
132
How do you diagnose uterine torsion?
Rectal exam: tense broad ligaments which spiral in the way of the torsion
133
What is the treatment for uterine torsion?
Manual detorsion by cervix or rolling
134
What are the signs of uterine rupture?
Excessive clots of blood upon vaginal exam, intestine detected on vaginal exam, colic, depression, fever
135
What is the treatment of uterine rupture?
Antiobiotics, NSAIDs, oxytocin, blind suture repair or repair surgically by laparotomy
136
When would you see uterine prolapsed in the mare?
Sequale to abortion, dystocia, retained placenta
137
How do you treat uterine prolapsed?
Tell owners to keep the mare quiet and try to elevate the uterus. Wash uterus ? Suture tears ? gently place back into vulva ? control straining ? ensure uterine horns are fully extended ? siphon off fluid and repeated oxytocin treatment
138
When is the normal placenta expelled by?
139
What do you class as a retained placenta?
One that has not been expelled in >3 hrs
140
What horn is most likely to have retained placenta?
Non gravid
141
What is the treatment for retained placenta?
Oxytocin therapy (IU or IM), NSAIDS and systemic antibiotics
142
What are some treatments for when the placenta is not released following oxytocin treatment?
No touch technique, burns technique, manual removal, supportive therapy
143
What are some complications of manual removal of placenta?
Haemorrhage, uterin horn inversion/prolapsed, colic, delayed uterine involution, trauma, infection, delayed conception
144
What are the disadvantages of doing an iodine uterine lavage?
Interfere with normal defense mechanisms, exacerbate absorption of endotoxin and introduce infection
145
Outline the supportive treatment for retained placenta
NSAIDS (flunixin) and antibiotics (penicillin, TMS), and tetanus prophylaxis
146
What are the clinical signs of necrotic vaginitis?
Depression, reluctance to urinate or defecate, foul odor from vagina and inappetance
147
How do you treat necrotic vaginitis?
Systemic antibiotics and metronizadole, tetanus, faecel softeners and NSAIDs
148
What can be cause of perineal laceration?
Malposition of foetus during delivery, failure to open caslicks prior to foaling
149
What are the degrees of perineal laceration?
1st, 2nd, 3rd -> Topical cleanse, tetanus, NSAIDs antibiotics
150
How do you treat rectovaginal fistula?
Antibiotics/NSAIDs/tetanus. If not healed in 5 weeks will need surgical intervention
151
What are the causes of cervical laceration and cervical adhesions?
Trauma during delivery, dystocia, foetotomy, abortion
152
How do you treat cervical laceration and cervical adhesions?
Topical creams (antibiotic/steroid), systemic antibiotics, NSAIDs, tetanus ? surgical repair ? surgical reconstruction
153
What are the GI, traumatic and urinary bladder complications associated with parturition?
Bowl rupture, trauma,contusions, bladder rupture/bruising/prolapsed, inversion of uterine horn
154
What is post partum eclampsia associated with?
Lactation tetany ? hypocalcaemia
155
What are the signs of post-partum eclampsia?
Restlessness, excitability, staring eyes, muscle fasiculations , trembling AND THUMPS ? where the abdominal rate occurs at a similar rate as the heart
156
What are the DDx of post partum eclampsia?
Tetanus
157
How do you treat post patum eclampsia?
Ca+ gluconate slowly IV with cardiac monitoring
158
What are some indications of induction of abortion?
Mismating, abnormal pregnancy, twin pregnancy, rupture of prepubic tendon
159
How would you induce abortion at days 0-33?
PGF2a or its analogue eg cloprostenol
160
How do you induce abortion days 34-120 (while the endometrial cups are functional)?
PGF2a or its analogues cloprostenol once or twice daily until abortion occurs
161
How are you going to induce abortion after 120 days?
PGF2aor its analogue cloprostenol multiple injections twice daily until abortion
162
What are the indications of induction of parturition?
Desire to supervise foaling, pathological pregnancy, medical indication that foetus is deteriorating or dead foetus
163
What are some factors that affect length of gestation?
Mares that conceive early in the breeding season have longer gestations, males tend to gestate longer, ingested toxins, severe foetal abnormalities
164
What are the pre-requisites for inducing parturition?
Check mating and due dates, check previous history, examine mare (it she even pregnant), vaginal exam, udder exam, milk Ca concentration
165
What questions to ask before inducing parturition?
Is the mare pregnant? Adequate colostrums and Ca in milk? Is it over 340 days gestation? Foal positioned correctly? Adequate softening of cervix? Convincing reasons that the foal cannot wait longer ?
166
What are some potential complications from foaling induction?
Dysmature foal, red bag or dystocia
167
What do you tell an owner that persistently wants to induce parturition despite indications to not do it?
?Sure I am happy to induce your mare to foal provided you are happy to pay me lots of money from the fees I will charge for managing the birth and the critically ill foal that may result? ~ ROUGH
168
Outline a general method to inducing parturition
Instil PGE2 into cervix 6hr prior ? catheter in vein ? oxytocin IV with saline ? leave and evaluate in 15-20 minutes ? expect foal to start coming out ? if not repeat treatment
169
When should the testes be present in colts?
2 weeks of age
170
What happens to stallion reproduction in winter?
Libido may be reduced, reduced semen, number of sperm/ejaculate can reduce 50% and total scrotal width can decrease
171
How can you recognize semen ejaculation in stallions?
Cessation of thrusting, ?flagging? of tail, palpation of urethral pulses, on dismount loses interest
172
How long does it take spermatozoa to develop?
49-50 days THUS REST STALLION FOR 60DAYS
173
What are the components of a stallion BSE?
History, Identification, General physical examination, collecting blood samples if needed, swabs (5), breeding behaviour and libido, scrotal contents (length, width, heigh, total scrotal width), internal accessory glands and inguinal rings per rectum, 2 semen ejaculate samples 2 hour apart, semen evaluation and longevity testing
174
How much sperm should the 2 stallion ejaculations contain?
>1 BILLION
175
What does a stallion need to pass the BSE?
Physically sound enough to mount, intromit and ejaculate, test negative for EIA, possess a normal penis that is free of lesions and able to achieve and maintain erection, produce no growth of potentially venerally transmitted organisms (inc. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas), normal breeding behaviour and libido, 2 normal scrotal testes and epididymis, minimum total scrotal width 80mm, normal accessory sex glands and normal inguinal rings, ejaculate minimum 1 billion morphologically normal progressively motile sperm in each of the 2 ejaculates
176
What are the three classifications of stallions following BSE?
Satisfactory, quenstionable or unsatisfactory prospective breeder
177
What is the DSO?
Daily sperm output.Total number of sperm a stallion can ejaculate per day after depletion of epidydimal sperm reserves
178
What is the significance of alkanine phosphatase in plasma?
>1000 IU/L Sample has fluid from testes and epididymis, Sample
179
How should you perform endocrinological testing?
Collect a blood sample every 30mins for 6 hrs. Can test testosterone, oestrogen, inhibin, FSH and LH, AMH
180
How can you tell if a stallion has progressive testicular disease?
High FSH, low oestrogen and inhibin and progressive decline in testosterone concentration with a rise in LH
181
List 4 factors that can effect sperm output
Total scrotal width, age, frequency of ejaculation, drugs, disease
182
What are some diagnostic tests for chryporchidism?
Basal and post stimulation testosterone, oestrone sulphate and AMH
183
What factors should you consider if a stallions sperm count is lower than usual?
Age, total scrotal width, frequency of ejaculation, sexual behaviour, drugs, disease/injury, pituitary dysfunction, collection difficulty and season
184
What factors may reduce a stallions libido?
Penile lesions, skeletomusculo issues causing pain
185
What psychological reasons can reduce a stallions libido?
Previous stallion handling, hostile/unreceptive mares, overuse, preference for different mares, unstable dummy or change in environment
186
How can you manage to improve libido?
Eliminate cause factors, behaviour modification etc. change environment, mares, dummy for stallion preference
187
What factors can cause erectile dysfunction?
Absence of erection, reluntance to approach/mount, failure to maintain erection and abnormally long refactory period between collections
188
How can you try to manage erectile dysfunction?
Investigate physical causes, behaviour modification and drugs (sedation orGnRH)
189
What can cause ejaculatory dysfunction?
Incomplete intromission, inadequate pelvic thrusts, high threshold to ejaculate, neurological lesions
190
How do you try to manage ejaculatory dysfunction?
Behaviour modification, check AV, analgesics
191
What can cause physical and coordination problems in the stallion?
Fatigue, poor condition, obesity, physical trauma, penis lesion, musculoskeletal problems
192
How do you try manage physical and coordination problems in the stallion?
Analgesics, modify dummy, weight loss and exercise or collect semen standing
193
What is paraphimosis?
Penile injury with an inability to retract the penis back into the prepuce
194
What are the principles of treatmemt for penile, prepuce and scrotal injuries of stallions?
Reduce swelling/inflammation and control pain, return penis and any prolapsed prepuce to prepuce if possible, control infection and isolate from mares
195
What is priapism ?
Persistant erection without arousal. Caused by ACP ? stagnation of RBC
196
How do you medically treat priaprism?
Control swellings, cholinergic blockers, sympathomimetic (in the penis)
197
What is phimosis and how do you treat it?
Inability of stallion to protrude penis fully from prepuce - surgical enlargement of orifice
198
What are the clinical signs of acute habronemiasis?
Localised swelling, haemospermia, superficial ulceration and granulation formation
199
What conditions are associated with swelling of the spermatic cord?
Trauma, varicocoele, hydrocoele,haematocoele, torsion, inguinal hernia, neoplasia, insect bite
200
What is a scrotal hydrocoele?
Serous fluid accumulation between the visceral and parietal layers of the vaginal tunic
201
How do you treat hydrocoele?
Treat underlying cause, hydrotherapy, NSAIDs, exercise, may disappear over time, maybe unilateral castration
202
How do you treat haematocoele?
Hydrotherapy, antibiotics and NSAIDs, surgical drainage
203
How do you treat 360 degree scrotal torsion?
EMERGENCY ? surgical castration
204
What is orchitis?
Inflammation of the testicle
205
How do you treat orchitis and epididymitis?
Reduce swelling, treat primary cause, broad spectrum antibiotics
206
What can cause testicular degeneration?
Thermal injury, other injurieds/disease, coele?s
207
What are the clinical signs of testicular degeneration?
Semen quality and quantity decrease, testes soft ? firm over time, ultrasound shows fibrosis, decreased response to hGC test
208
How do you Dx testicular degeneration?
Endocrinological tests, palpation, ultrasound, semen evaluation
209
What is the most common testicular neoplasm of stallion?
Seminoma
210
What can cause scrotal enlargement in the stallion?
Same as inflammation of spermatic cord!
211
How do you Dx scrotal enlargement?
Hx, palpation, exam, ultrasound, needle aspiration
212
How do you treat blockage of the ampullae?
Mate him, massage ampullae, oxytocin
213
What are the clinical signs and Dx of seminal vesiculitis?
Pus in semen, haemospermia, neutrophils on microscope, rectal palp and US shows enlargement
214
How do you Tx seminal vesiculitis?
Antibiotics, lavage with antibiotics, enrofloxacin
215
How do you Dx haemospermia?
CBC, examine reproductive areas, endoscopy, rectal palpate, cultures and urinalysis
216
How do you Tx haemospermia?
Sexual rest, surgical repair, treat infection,
217
How do you Tx urospermia?
Encourage urination before mating, bladder catheter, a2 admin
