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Equine respiratory Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What does increased exudate when head is lowered indicate

A

Guttural pouch infection

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2
Q

What does unilateral nasal discharge during exercise with no other respiratory disease signs suggest?

A

Sinusitis

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3
Q

Normal RR (adult/young) horse

A

8-24 / 25-40

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4
Q

Normal RR (adult/young) cow

A

12-36 / 30-60

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5
Q

Normal RR (adult/young) sheep/goat

A

12-40 / 30-70

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6
Q

What lymph nodes should be evaluated in horses for respiratory exam

A

Submandibular and retropharyngeal

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7
Q

What should palpation of larynx and trachea evaluate (3)

A

Symmetry/collapse; sensitivity; induction of cough for airway irritation

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8
Q

Where should be checked for edema

A

Ventral abdomen, muzzle, legs

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9
Q

Where should percussion be evaluated in resp exam

A

Paranasal sinuses

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10
Q

How long should it take for a patient to recover from raised CO2 in rebreathing bag

A

les than 10 breaths

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11
Q

What breaths should be evaluated after rebreathing bag

A

The first deep breaths - would reveal abnormal lung sounds

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12
Q

What are the normal resp sounds

A

Bronchovesicular - coarser over mainstem bronchi and decrease in intensity peripherally- uniform bilaterally

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13
Q

What do normal tracheal sounds sound like

A

Coarse I and E, equal pitch and duration, short silent interval

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14
Q

What causes breath sounds

A

Turbulent flow in central airways greater than 2mm

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15
Q

Why dont peripheral airways make sounds

A

Velocity too low to generate sound

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16
Q

Inflated lung vs consolidated

A

Inflated attenuates, consol good conducting medium

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17
Q

Non-musical, short, sharp, explosive sounds

A

Crackles

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18
Q

What causes crackles

A

Equaliztion of pressure when a collapsed region is reinflated or movement of secretions in trachea/bronchi

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19
Q

When do crackles occur

A

I and E, randomly

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20
Q

Musical, high pitched sounds of variable duration

A

Wheezes

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21
Q

What causes wheezes

A

vibration of airway walls before complete closing (expiratory) or opening (inspiratory)

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22
Q

Wheezing- mostly I or E?

A

Either, but one predominantly

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23
Q

What conditions cause wheezing?

A

airway compression, stenosis, masses, bronchoconstriction

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24
Q

When are wheezes more common in horses

A

Expiratory

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25
What is primary cause of wheezes in horses
recurrent airway obstruction/heaves (expiratory)
26
What would indicate severe consolidation, lung abscess or pleural fluid
Abscence of audible sounds
27
What would absence of sounds indicate
severe consolidation, lung abscess or pleural fluid
28
No sounds ventral, heart sounds loud =
Pleural effusion
29
What structures are evaluated by endoscopy
Nasal passages, ethmoid turbinates, nasal openings of paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, guttural pouch opening, larynx, trachea
30
What size scope can enter eustachian tube?
1.2 cm or less
31
Ultrasound- what cannot be penetrated
Normal lung parenchyma
32
Ultrasound- what can be studied
Pleura and lung surface
33
Evaluate pleural surface and space- which method
Ultrasound > xray bc can see small amounts radiographs cant detect
34
Diagnose viral infection, strep eq. eq.,
Nasal/nasoph swab or nasal wash
35
Why are Nasal/nasoph swab or nasal wash not very effective
Normal flora will culture
36
Dx bacterial or fungal infection suspected
TBA- tracheobronchial aspiration prior to Abx
37
TBA methods (2)
TTW or guarded catheter through scope
38
Describe normal pulmonary alveolar cytology from TBA
macrophages, columnar ciliated epithelial cells, less than 40% neutrophils
39
Describe pneumonia cytology from TBA
Primarily neutrophil (degenerate with karyolysis, pyk, hyperseg), intra/extracell bacteria
40
Describe heaves cytology from TBA
non-degen neutrophils and mucus
41
Non-infectious disease dx method
BAL bronchoalveolar lavage
42
Why is BAL > TBA in diffuse non-infectious lower airway dz
BAL fluid more consistent among normal
43
TBA or BAL in bacteriologic culture sample
TBA > BAL
44
Dx diffuse non-infectious lower airway dz
BAL
45
Dx pleural effusion
Thoracocentesis
46
When should you use lung biopsy
Diffuse dz processes where TTW/BAL give inconclusive results
47
Main complication of lung biopsy
Hemorrhage (uncommon- pneumothorax)
48
What vessels for blood gas
Carotid, facial, or great mesentary arteries
49
How quickly should a blood gas sample be used
10 min, then on ice, 1.5 hours
50
What does PaO2 reflect in blood gas
Pulmonary gas exchange and oxygen available to tissues
51
What does PaCO2 reflect in blood gas
Pulmonary ventilation
52
Normal PaO2
>85 mmHg
53
Normal PaCO2
40-45 mmHg
54
Low O2 with normal CO2 =
Decreased inspired O2, R-L shunting, difusion impairment, ventilation/perfusion mismatching
55
Most common cause of Low O2 with normal CO2 =
ventilation/perfusion mismatching
56
Blood gas results from ventilation/perfusion mismatching
Low PaO2, normal PaCO2
57
Low PaO2 with increased PaCO2
hypoventilation/respiratory failure
58
hypoventilation/respiratory failure blood gas results
Low PaO2 with increased PaCO2
59
Strangles- species
Strep equi equi
60
Purulent lympadenitis of URT - dz
Strangles
61
LN involved in strangles
Retropharyngeal or submandibular
62
Strangles- epidemiology
direct nose/mouth or aerosol; contaminated water/food/walls
63
Strangles- signalment
Most severe and common in horses
64
Strangles- morbidity or mortality
up to 100% morbidity
65
Strangles- organism persistence explained by
Hyaluronic capsule, anti-phagocytic M protein, leukocidal toxin release
66
Strangles- shedding time
stop after 4-6 weeks post CS (10% become carriers)
67
Strangles- incubation
Moderate- 3-14 days
68
Dx- Acute fever 102-104, depression, bilateral serous nasal d/c changing to mucopurulent, enlarged LN 2-4 days post-fever
Strangles
69
Strangles- CS
Acute onset fever 102-104, depression, bilateral serous nasal d/c changing to mucopurulent, enlarged LN 2-4 days post-fever
70
Strangles- hematology
neutrophilic leukocytosis, increased fibrinogen, increased SAA
71
Strangles- how long before LN rupture
7-14 days
72
Dx- strangles
PCR > guttural pouch flush culture > nasal wash/swab culture
73
Strangles- tx
Early (w/o LN abscess) - penicillin; With LN abscess- help relieve drainage- (hot packs, lancing, etc), no Abx
74
When are Abx indicated in strangles
Early before LN involvement or if upper airway obstruction. bastard strangles (penicillin)
75
Strangles- complications
Empyema/chondroids from LN rupture into GP; pneumonia, bastard strangles in lung, mesentary, liver, spleen, kidney, brain; Rare- myocarditis, glomerulonephritis, purpura hemorrhagica
76
What is purpura hemorrhagica and what causes it
Immune mediated vasculitis causing edema in face, muzzle, limbs and ventral abdomen. Warm and painful to touch. Petechial hemorrhage possible. Occurs 2-4 weeks post-strangles
77
Dx purpura hemorrhagica
2-4 weeks post strangles, skin biopsy showing leukocytoclastic vasculitis
78
Tx purpura hemorrhagica
penicillin removes Ag'ic stimulus, corticosteroids or NSAIDS
79
Strangles vax and effectiveness
SeM protein (IM) or modified live (IN); 50% reduction; modified live may cause strangles symptoms
80
Accumulation of exudate within guttural pouch
Empyema
81
Empyema
Accumulation of exudate within guttural pouch
82
Most common organism for guttural pouch empyema
Strep. equi. zoo post-URT infection
83
Guttural pouch empyema- CS
mucopurulent d/c, more profuse when head lowers; rare: dysphagia, formation of chondroid mass
84
Guttural pouch empyema- dx
Endoscopy
85
Guttural pouch empyema- tx
Lavage GP with saline, antimicrobials,
86
Guttural pouch mycosis- describe
fungal infection involving internal carotid artery at roof of medial compartment
87
Guttural pouch mycosis -most common spp
Emericella (aspergillus) nidulans
88
Guttural pouch mycosis - CS
Epistaxis from erosion of mycotic plaque in internal carotid (occasionally maxillary, ext. carotid); horners, paralysis, laryngeal hemiplasia
89
Guttural pouch mycosis - cause of dysphagia
Vagus or glossopharyngeal
90
Guttural pouch mycosis - dx
endoscopy to examine mycotic plaque
91
Guttural pouch mycosis - tx
Surgical obstruction of affected artery proximal and distal to the lesion via transarterial coil or plug embolization; then resolves on own.
92
Guttural pouch tympany - describe
Distention of one or both GP with air causing parotid swelling behind vertical ramus
93
Guttural pouch tympany - origin
Congenital or acquired one way valve defect of pharyngeal opening to pouch
94
Guttural pouch tympany - signalment
less than 1 year
95
Guttural pouch tympany - CS
external swelling, dysphagia, respiratory distress
96
Guttural pouch tympany - tx
Surgical ablation of median septum; if bilateral - resection of internal opening cover; or fistula into GP through pharyngeal recess
97
Distention of one or both GP with air causing parotid swelling behind vertical ramus
Guttural pouch tympany
98
Sinusitis- CS
Unilateral mucopurulent nasal d/c +/- facial deformity
99
Unilateral mucopurulent nasal d/c +/- facial deformity
Sinusitis
100
Sinusitis- cause
primary or secondary to tooth root abscess, diastema
101
Sinusitis- spp
Strep. equi. zoo
102
Sinusitis- dx
Radiographs show fluid line in sinus

Pulmonary (4 decks)

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