Equine Respiratory Medicine Flashcards Preview

TV4002 > Equine Respiratory Medicine > Flashcards

Flashcards in Equine Respiratory Medicine Deck (21)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What age of horses are you likely to see rhodococcus equi in?

A

Foals 2-4 months old

2
Q

What sort of horses are you likely to see Inflammatory Airway Disease in?

A

Young racehorses

3
Q

When are do horses cough with inflammatory airway disease? How about recurrent airway obstruction?

A

IAD - during exercise

RAO - at rest

4
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate of a horse?

A

8-12 breaths per minute

5
Q

What may cause rapid, shallow breathing in a horse?

A

Anxiety, pleurodynia (chest wall pain), musculoskeletal injury, reduced lung compliance - pleural effusion, pneumothorax, interstitial pneumonia

6
Q

What may cause slow, shallow breathing in a horse?

A

CNS depression, metabolic alkalosis with compensatory respiratory acidosis

7
Q

What may cause rapid, deep breathing in a horse?

A

Exercise, anxiety, anaemia, metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis, pulmonary disease.

8
Q

What may cause deep, slow breathing in a horse?

A

Severe airway obstruction

9
Q

What is Cheyne strokes and what does it indicate?

A

Inconsistant rate and depth of breaths - CNS disease of the respiratory center

10
Q

What are some signs and causes of inspiratory dyspnoea?

A

Signs - Prolonged inspiration, exaggerated diaphragm and external intercostal muscle activity, extension of head and neck, nostril dilation during inhalation

Causes - Obstruction in extrathoracic airways (many specific causes)

11
Q

What are some signs and causes of expiratory dyspnoea?

A

Signs - Prolonged expiration, exaggerated abdominal muscle contraction (heave), nostril dilation during exhalation, heave line

Causes - Obstruction of intrathoracic airways (RAO)

12
Q

What are Jamie’s steps for a respiratory physical examination?

A
  1. Nares
  2. Oral mucous membranes
  3. lymph nodes
  4. Paranasal sinuses
  5. Palpate larynx
  6. Auscult trachea
  7. Evaluate abdominal musculature
  8. Auscult entire thorax
13
Q

Deciding if a nasal discharge is unilateral or bilateral can be useful because…?

A

It helps localise the source. A unilateral discharge is likely to be originating rostral to the nasopharynx while a bilateral discharge is most like originating from caudal to the nasal cavities.

14
Q

What are your landmarks for lung auscultation?

A

Triceps muscle caudal border, olecranon and the last rib at the height of the tuber coxae

15
Q

What is more useful for a bacterial culture of lower airways - bronchoalveolar lavage or a transtrachial wash?

A

Transtracheal wash from large airways, BALs are not sterile samples and are better for cytology of small airways.

16
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary sinusitis?

A

Primary is usually associate with previous respiratory tract infections while secondary may be due to dental disease, facial fractures, neoplasia etc

17
Q

Where would you enter the frontal sinus? (Frontal sinus portal)

A

0.5 cm caudal to a line drawn between left and right medial canthi of the eyes, halfway between the midline the medial canthus.

18
Q

What causes pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia and what is a common clinical sign?

A

Local immune response to inhaled or ingested antigens and is a common cause of a nonproductive, afebrile cough. If severe you may see poor porformance and other URT dysfunction.

19
Q

How do you treat displacement of the soft palate?

A

Conservative - rest and anti-inflammatories, tongue tie, cornell collar
Surgical - best is a laryngeal tie forward

20
Q

What are the two causes of retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation?

A

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooempidemicus and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (equi is contagious)

21
Q

What causes strangles and what are the 4 disease presentations?

A

Streptococcus equi ss equi

  • Classic upper respiratory tract disease with retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph node localisation
  • Purpura haemorrhages due to immune mediated vasculitis
  • Disseminated abscessation
  • Immune mediated myopathy