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Infectious Disease > Equine Skin, FAD, and review > Flashcards

Equine Skin, FAD, and review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the causative agent for Pigeon fever?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

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2
Q

What lesions are associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

A
  • Ulcerative lymphanitis

- external abscesses of the chest associated with -“Pigeon fever”

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3
Q

How is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi transmitted?

A

via breaks in the skin (dermatitis, abrasions, wounds) or biting insects.

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4
Q

What are the 3 forms of Corynebacterum pseudotuberculosis var. equi

A

External abscesses- large pectoral abscesses, ventral abdomen
Internal abscesses <10% of cases. Liver lungs, spleen, kidney - high rate of fatality
Ulcerative lymphangitis: severe cellulitis of one or more limbs. nodular abscess formation in one or all limbs

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5
Q

How is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi diagnosed?

A

bacterial culture of external abscesses, peritoneal fluid (internal abscesses) or draining tracts (ulcerative lymphangitis).

Evidence of chronic infection on CBC
Synergistic hemolysis inhibition (SHI) test for horses with internal abscesses- measures response to phospholipase D toxin.

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6
Q

How are external abscesses associated wtih Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi treated?

A

Surgical drainage of mature abscesses, many animals will rupture abscesses and heal on own, antibiotics only in complicated cases, high chance of recovery.

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7
Q

How are internal abscesses and ulcerative lymphangitis treated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

A

Long term (minimum of 4-6 weeks) antibiotic therapy- susceptible to many antibiotics

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8
Q

How do you prevent Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

A

Isolate infected animals to decrease spread
Can survive for long periods of time in soil- contain abscess drainage
Fly control
Vaccination- conditionally licensed vaccine - efficacy pending.

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9
Q

What are two differentials for ulcerative lymphangitis?

A

Sporothrix schenckii, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis var. equi

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10
Q

How are infections with Sporothrix schenckii acquired

A

Growth in organic material- slivers and thorns- introduced via trauma

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11
Q

clinical signs associated with Sporothrix schenckii

A

Multiple abscesses along lymphatic vessels, Typically affects a single limb

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12
Q

How is sporothricosis diagnosed?

A

Cytology- cigar bodies: elongated yeast cells
culture- sent to a reference lab
Lack of response to antibiotic therapy

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13
Q

How is sporothricosis treated?

A

Sodium iodide, Ketoconazole or similar drugs, amphoteracin B

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14
Q

what are causative agents of Dermatophytosis

A

Trichophyton equinum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum

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15
Q

How are infections with Dermatophytosis acquired

A

Requires some abrasion to skin to allow entry. Warm, moist environments

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16
Q

Clinical Signs associated with Dermatophytosis

A

Regions of alopecia, frequently round, erythemic, crusted margins.
Head, neck, forelimbs, under saddle/girth

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17
Q

Methods of diagnosis for Dermatophytosis

A 
wood's lamp- doesn't work
Derm database- trichogram (often not successful)
   Fungal culture (DTM media)
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18
Q

How is dermatophytosis treated?

A

Most cases are self-limiting “sunshine and time”
Can treat topically with antifungals (miconazole, ketoconazole) or lime sulfur (zoonotic-wear gloves)

Systemic therapy-Griseofulvin
Separate form herd, disinfect equipment

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19
Q

what is the etiology of Dermatophilosis

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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20
Q

How are infections of Dermatophilosis acquired

A

skin abrasion + moisture

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21
Q

How is Dermatophilosis transmitted?

A

Contagious between animals- crusts

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22
Q

What is the lay term for Dermatophilosis infeciton?

A

Rain rot

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23
Q

Clinical signs of Dermatophilosis

A

“Rain rot” - skin lesions similar to moisture runoff
Papules that progress to thick crusts with an erosive underside
“paint brush lesions”

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24
Q

How is Dermatophilosis diagnosed?

A

direct examination of crusts

Giemsa stain - railroad track bacteria

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25
How is Dermatophilosis treated?
dry environment, crust removal, topical chlorhexidine +/- systemic therapy with antibiotics (penicillin or TMS)
26
What is the causative agent of Vesicular stomatitis
Vesicular stomatitis virus
27
How is vesicular stomatitis transmitted?
Direct contact once on property | Transmission via biting insects between properties
28
T/F vesicular stomatitis is zoonotic
True-
29
clinical signs of Vesicular stomatitis
Excessive salivaiton with vesicles on the inner surface of the lips, gums, tongue- occasional crusting scabs on muzzle, lips, nostrils, ears, coronary band, sheath, ventral abdomen Reluctance to eat or drink- weight loss
30
How is Vesicular Stomatitis diagnosed?
Report any suspicious lesion to State Veterinarian PCR form lesions Serology at NVSL- cELISA, VN, CF
31
how is Vesicular stomatitis treated?
general supportive care
32
What methods of prevention/control are used in vesicular stomatis cases
quarantine of any identified premises, animals isolate any new horses for 21 days Insect control programs Individual feeders
33
What is the causative agent of African Hrose sickness?
African Horse sickness virus | Orbivirus related to Bluetongue and EHD
34
What is the method of transmission of African Horse Sickness?
``` via Culicoides (biting midges) Can be blown large distances (>300miles) Standing water _ fecal material = breeding grounds ```
35
what are the reservoirs for African Horse Sickness?
Donkeys, mules, zebras, elephants, camels, dogs
36
Clinical signs associated with African Horse Sickness?
Attack vascular endothelium -> edema Pulmonary form- severe pulmonary edema, frothing at nares. High fever, 95% case fatality rate Cardiac form- pronounced edema of the head and neck, hydropericardium, high case fatality rate Mixed (combinatino of both) Mild- fever only, seen in animals with partial immunity
37
What are the 2 differentials for frothing from the nares in horses
Hendra and African Horse sickness virus
38
How is African Horse Sickness diagnosed
Clinical Signs, Virus isolation (thought to be the best), PCR (if available) Serology- several tests available. Acute deaths complicate serconversion
39
What are treatment methods for African Horse sickness
none other than supportive care, highly fatal
40
what methods of prevention and control are associated with African Sleeping Sickness
Strict rules govern importation of aniamls from endemic areas- horses from endemic countries must be quarantined at NY Animal import Center for 60 days. control culicoides by getting rid of standing water and manure Screening/Netting at night- only letting horses out during the day Vaccination- several serotypes to be included in endemic areas.
41
What is the causative agent associated with Hendra
Hendra virus - henipavirus
42
What is the reservoir for Hendra Virus
Fruit bats
43
How is Hendra virus transmitted?
Transmission between horses through direct contact only with respiratory secretions Zoonotic and highly fatal!
44
clinical signs of Hendra virus
fever, respiratory distress, and death (high fatality rate) Severe bilateral pulmonary edema (ddx for AHS) Replicates in respiratory epithelium first, then spreads hematogenously to other organs potential for neurologic signs as well- severe obtundation, dementia, head tilt, ataxia
45
How is hendra diagnosed?
RNA virus- RT-PCR | Serology
46
Treatment for Hendra
NONE! | Euthanized to protect human health
47
How has hendra been prevented
vaccination available in Australia as of 2013
48
What is the causative agent of Glanders
Burkholderia mallei
49
What are methods of transmission of Glanders
Transmitted through feed, water, and by direct contact Draining nodules on the nasal mucosa discharge the organism Recovered carriers are key in transmission
50
Clinical signs of Glanders
horses tend to develop chronic disease donkeys and mules tend to develop acute disease Respiratory disease Cutaneous disease
51
What are the 2 forms of Glanders
Respiratory- pneumonia- small nodules on the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa that ulcerate and drain. Ulcers will heal and scars form cutaneous (farcy)- Nodules on skin, subcutaneous tissues and lymph nodes. Lymphangitis: so swollen they appear as cords. Humans primarily cutaneous but also acute, fatal pulmonary cases.
52
How is Glanders diagnosed?
culture or PCR of lesions in acute cases To detect carriers: serology is most common (CF, ELISA, AGID) Mallein intradermal skin test (previously used, no longer common)
53
how is glanders treated
Treatment is not recommended | Antimicrobial therapy is dicouraged because carriers remain
54
How do you prevent and control glanders?
Test and slaughter is preferred Immune response is poor, no vaccines available
55
What is the causative agent for Dourine
Trypanosoma eqiperdum
56
How is Dourine transmitted
Venereal transmission
57
What are acute signs associated with Dourine?
initial low-grade fever and urethral or vaginal discharge Edema, swelling, and ulceration of external genitalia occcasional abortion
58
What are chronic signs associated with dourine?
Peculiar raised plaques in skin of the flank that disappear and are replaced by plaques in other areas "Pathognomonic" CNS signs: incoordination, ataxia, paralysis Horses lose condition and become progressively weaker
59
How is Dourine diagnosed?
clinical signs serologic testing - CF - official test for import A subspecies-specific real-time PCR was used to identify infected tissues in the outbreak in Italy
60
how is Dourine Treated
use of trypanosomal drugs in theory possible, but not practicle
61
How do you prevent & control Dourine
Slaughter of all CF positive carrier animals
62
AAEP core vaccines
Tetanus WEE/EEE West Nile Rabies
63
Peeculiar raised plaques in skin of the flank that disappear and are replaced by plaques in other areas- this is pathognomonic for what
Dourine

Infectious Disease (12 decks)

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