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THERIOGENOLOGY > EQUINE_ ABNORMALITIES > Flashcards

EQUINE_ ABNORMALITIES Flashcards

1
Q

DESCRIBE THE PATHOGENESIS OF PLACENTITIS

A
  • BACTERIA ASCENDS AND INFECTS CERVICAL STAR
  • NECROTIZING INFLAMMATION OF CHORIOALLANTOIS
  • UPREGULATING EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN PLACENTAL TISSUE
  • PRODUCTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN BY PLACENTA
  • UTERINE CONTRACTION
  • PREMATURE LABOUR
  • PREMATURE MATURATION OF HPA AXIS OF FOAL
  • PREMATURE PARTURITION
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2
Q

HOW TO DIAGNOSE PLACENTITIS ON TRANSABDOMINAL AND TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND

A
  1. MEASURE THE COMBINED THICKNESS OF UTERUS AND PLACENTA (CTUP)
    - DAYS 271- 300—CTUP 8mm
    - DAYS 303-330—–CTUP 10mm
    - DAYS 330 AND AFTER—CTUP 12mm
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3
Q

what 4 quadrants of the placenta must be inspected when doing transabdominal ultrasound?

A
  1. right cranial
  2. right caudal
  3. left cranial
  4. left caudal
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4
Q

how to get a definitive diagnosis of placentitis?

A

histopathological exam of chorioallantois membrane

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5
Q

how does placentitis affect the foetal membranes?

A
  • thickened
  • fibronecrotic exudate
  • cervical star is most affected
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6
Q

describe the treatment for placentitis

A
  • antimicrobials-penicillin
  • anti-inflammatories- flunixin meglumine
  • hormonal support
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7
Q

which is the most common uterine torsion?

A

anticlockwise (left)
60%

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8
Q

how to obtain a definitive diagnosis for uterine torsion?

A

rectal palpation

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9
Q

what are some characteristics of an anticlockwise rotation uterine torsion?

A
  1. left uterine ligament tighter
  2. the right uterine ligament is slacker
  3. the left ul is more caudal
  4. the right ul is cranial to the left ul
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10
Q

what is the most common post partum problem in the mare

A

retained placenta

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11
Q

WHAT ANATOMICAL FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN RETAINED PLACENTAS?

A
  • MORE DEVELOPED MICOVILLI IN THE UTERINE HORNS THAN ITS BODY
  • MORE BRANCHED AND LARGER MICROVILLI
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12
Q

LIST 4 CAUSES OF RETAINED PLACENTA

A
  1. BLOOD BORNE
  2. ASCENDING INFECTION
  3. UTERINE INERTIA
  4. HORMONAL IMBALANCE
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13
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST OBVIOUS SIGN OF A RETAINED PLACENTA?

A

PLACENTAL TISSUE PROTRUDING FROM VULVA

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14
Q

WHICH IS NOT A SEQUELAE OF RETAINED PLACENTA?
A. LAMINITIS
B. METRITIS
C. SEPTICEMIA
D. UTERINE INERTIA

A

UTERINE INERTIA
- IS A RISK FACTOR

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15
Q

WHAT IS THE RECOMMENDED TREATMENT FOR RETAINED PLACENTA AFTER 4-6 HRS

A
  1. ANTIBIOTICS: POTASSIUM PENICILLIN; GENTAMYCIN; METRONIDAZOLE
  2. UTERINE LAVAGE WITH SALINE
  3. EXERCISE
  4. TETANUS TOXOID
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16
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE FOR RETAINED PLACENTA?
A. LUGOL’S SOLUTION CAN CAUSE FIBROSIS
B. MARES WITH RETAINED PLACENTA HISTORY SHOULD BE TREATED WITH OXYTOCIN IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE 3 RS
C. SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICS IS NOT WARRANTED
D. OXYTOCIN SHOULD BE ADMINISTEREDIM EVERY 1-2 HRS (2O UNITS)

A

C.
<2% LUGOL CAN CAUSE FIBROSIS IF PLACED VAGINALLY

17
Q

WHAT IS “RED BAG”

A

PROTRUSION OF THE CHORIOALLANTOIS DUE TO PREMATURE SEPARATION OF THE MEMBRANES

18
Q

WHAT IS A PREDISPOSING FACTOR FOR NEONATAL HYPOXIA?

A
  • INTACT CERVICAL STAR AFTER PARTURITION
19
Q

LIST 3 CAUSES OF PREMATURE PLACENTAL SEPARATION

A
  1. PLACENTITIS
  2. FESCUE TOXICOSIS
  3. TWINNING
  4. INAPPROPRIATE INDUCTION METHODS
  5. STRESS
20
Q

WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PREMATURE PLACENTAL SEPARATION

A
  • BURST THE CHORIOALLANTOIS
  • DELIVER FOETUS WITH APPROPRIATE TRACTION
  • ADMINISTER OXYGEN TO FOAL
21
Q

WHAT IS 1 POSSIBLE SEQUELAE TO THE FOAL FROM A MARE WITH PREMATURE PLACENTA SEPARATION?

A

HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

22
Q

WHAT COULD A > 8 KG PLACENTA INDICATE? IS IT NORMAL?

A

ABNORMAL
- OEDEMA
- INFLAMMATION

23
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 MOST IMPORTANT CLINICAL PROBLEMS IN EQUINE MEDICINE?

A
  1. COLIC
  2. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
  3. ENDOMETRITIS
24
Q

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS IN MARES?

A
  • DAILY INTRA-UTERINE INFUSIONS WITH PENICILLIN, AMPICILLIN, NEOMYCIN
  • SCRUB CLITORAL BODY, FOSSA AND SINUS WITH 4% CLORHEXIDINE SOLN
  • CLITORAL SINOSECTOMY
25
Q

WAT IS THE DIAGNOSTIC TOOL OF CHOICE FOR CHRONIC INFECTIOUS ENDOMETRITIS?

A

ENDOMETRIAL CYTOLOGY

26
Q

WHAT TREATMENTS ARE USED TO CONTROL CHRONIC INFECTIOUS ENDOMETRITIS?

A
  • UTERINE LAVAGE
  • SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICS
  • INTRAUTERINE THERAPY (PENICILLIN)
  • ANTISEPTICS (NOT CLORHEXIDINE- YES-IODINE, GENTIAN VIOLET)
  • PLASMA THERAPY
  • ANTIFUNGAL(FLUCONAZOLE/ NYSTATIN)
27
Q

DESCRIBE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PERSISTENT MATING METRITIS

A

MARE CAN’R CLEAR INTRALUMINAL FLUID ACCUMULATION WITHIN 12-24 HRS OF MATING DUE TO REDUCED MYOMETRIAL CONTRACTILITY AND ACTIVITY. POSSIBLE DUE TO ISSUES WITH PGF AND OXYTOCIN SECRETION

28
Q

WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF THE MOST PUBLICIZED MOLD DISEASE IN HORSES?

A

FESCUE TOXICITY
- CAUSED BY ACREMONIUM COENOPHIALUM AN ENDOPHYTE WHICHICH SECRETES ERGOT ALKALOIDS

29
Q

WHAT ARE THE COMMON CLINICAL SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH FESCUE TOXICITY?

A
  1. AGALACTIA
  2. DECREASED BLOOD PROLACTIN CONC.
  3. OVERSIZED FOETUS
  4. PROLONGED GESTATION
  5. WEAK/DEAD FOALS
  6. RED BAG DELIVERY
30
Q

IN UNILATER CRYPTORCHIDS, WHAT IS THE FAVOURED ANATOMICAL LOCATION FOR EAC SIDE?

A

LEFT- ABDOMEN
RIGHT- INGUINAL REGION

31
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE TEMPORARY INGUINAL RETENTION CRYPTORCHIDISM?
A. WEIGHS <40 g
B. USUALLY IN PONIES
C. >75% OCCUR ON RIGHT SIDE
D. CAN BE PALPATED IN STANDING HORSE IF LARGE
E. USUALLY DESCENDS AT AGE 5

A

E.
IT DESCENDS BY 3 YEARS

32
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF PERMANENT INGUINAL RETENTION CRYPTORCHIDISM?
A. WEIGHS >40g
B. CAN ALWAYS BE PALPATED IN STANDING HORSE
C. LEFT AND RIGHT SIDES ARE EQUALLY AFFECTED
D. USUALLY UNILATERAL

A

B.
MOSTLY PALPABLE IN DORSAL RECUMBANCY OF ANESTHETIZED HORSE WITH MUCH DIFFICULTY

33
Q

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN A COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE ABDOMINAL RETENTION CRYPTORCHID

A

COMPLETE- TESTES AND EPIDIDYMIS COMPLETELY RETAINED IN ABDOMEN

INCOMPLETE- TESTES IS WITHIN ABDOMEN BUT CLOSE TO DEEP INGUINAL RING

34
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF COMPLETE ABDOMINAL RETENTION CRYPTORCHIDISM
A. TESTES ARE MOBILE WITHIN ABDOMEN
B. WEIGH 10-20g
C. VAGINAL PROCESS IS WELL DEVELOPED
D. CHARACTERISTICALLY FLABBY

A

C. VAGINAL PROCESS IS WELL DEVELOPED IN INCOMPLETE ABDOMINAL RETENTION
- VAGINAL TUNIC AND CONTENTS CAN BE MISTAKEN FOR SMALL INGUINAL TESTES IN INCOMPLETE ABDOMINAL RETENTION

35
Q

HOW CAN A BILATERALY CRYPTORCHID HORSE RETAIN FERTILITY?

A

IF IT’S TEMPOARARILY RETAINED IN THE INGUINAL REGION

36
Q

WHICH TYPES OF CRYPTORCHIDISM IS RECOMMENDED FOR CASTRATION?

A

PERMANENT INGUINAL
COMPLETE/INCOMPLETE ABDOMINAL

37
Q

HOW ARE BLOOD TESTS USED TO DIAGNOSE CRYPTORCHID HORSES?

A
  1. CHECK TESTOSTERONE LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER ADMIN OF hCG
    - TESTOSTERONE LEVELS ARE HIGH INITIALLY AND INCREASE AFTER ADMIN IN STALLIONS AND CRYPTS
    - BUT LOW INITIALLY AND DONT INCREASE IN CASTRATED
  2. CONJUGATED OESTROGEN LEVELS
    - SAME
    - UNRELIABLE IN DONKEYS AND HORSES <3 YRS
38
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 ACESSORY SEX GLANDS IN THE HORSE?

A
  1. SEMINAL VESICLES
  2. PROSTATE
  3. BULBOURETHRAL GLAND/COWPER’S
  4. AMPULLAE

THERIOGENOLOGY (4 decks)

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