Ergo 2 Flashcards
Quiz 2 (174 cards)
1
Q
These are experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses.
A
Perception
2
Q
- Perception can change based of ___
- Involves a process similar to ___ or ___
- Perception occurs in ___ with action
A
- added information
- reasoning ; problem solving
- conjunction
3
Q
T/F Perception can be involved ina process similar to reasoning or problem solving. Based on a person’s past experiences
A
True
4
Q
The bottom-up process by which our senses, like vision, hearing, and smell, receive and relay outside stimuli.
A
Sensation
5
Q
The top-down way our brain organized and interpret the information and put it into context
A
Perception
6
Q
Limitation of Perceiving machine vs Human
A
- Inverse Projection Problem
- Object can be hidden or blurred
- Objects look different from different viewpoints
- Scenes contains high level information
7
Q
Refers to the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
A
Inverse Projection Problem
8
Q
People can often identify obejct that are obscured and therefore incomplete, or in some cases objects that are blurry.
A
Objects can be hidden or blurred
9
Q
Computer-vision system can achieve viewpoint in variance only by laborious process that involves complex calculation designed to determine which points on an object match in different views.
A
Objects look different from different viewpoints
10
Q
Not only are there often many object in scene that requires some reasoning to figure out.
A
Scenes contain high level information
11
Q
The Human Perceptual System Uses Two types of information
A
- Environmental energy - stimulates the receptors
- Knowledge and expectations - the observer brings to the situations
12
Q
Approaches to understand perception
A
- Direct Perception Theories
- Bottoms-up Processing
- Constructive Perception Theories
- Too-down Processing
13
Q
____ influences our perception of language based
A
Top-down processing
14
Q
The ability to tell when one word and another begins
A
Speech segmentation
15
Q
Knowing which sound will likely follow another begins
A
Transitional probabilities
16
Q
We perceive the world in a way that is “most likely” based on our past experience.
A
Likelihood Principle
17
Q
Old view - ___
New view - ___
A
Structuralism
Gestalt Principles
18
Q
perception involves adding up sentations. According to ___, a number of sensation, add up to create our perception of the face.
A
Structuralism
19
Q
The mind groups pattern according to intrinsic law of perceptual organization.
A
Gestalt Principle
20
Q
Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path.
A
Principle of Good Continuation
21
Q
Everything stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible.
A
Law of Pragnanz
22
Q
Similar things appear grouped together
A
Principle of Similarity
23
Q
Differently colored areas if the dress are perceptually grouped with the same color in the scene
A
Color Causes Grouping
24
Q
We perceived vertical and horizontal more easily than other orientations.
A
Oblique Effect
25
One's estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by two factors.
Bayesian Inference
26
It includes various stimuli which are received, or an individual is bombared on a daily basis.
Input
27
This stage essentially represent the processing stage wherein the stimuli are selectively filtered by an individual and taken ahead in the system.
Throughput
28
The ___ here perteins to behaivior displayed.
Output
29
an individual is perceived based on a single trait. "Typecast"
Halo Effect
30
Often creeps in due to incorrect perception of an individual
Projection
30
may disrupt the perceptual process
Stereotype
31
in fact, becomes very important as communication has to be proper and effective and needs to be understood by others in the way you wish it to be understood.
Authentic Communication
32
It helps to understand the situation by keeping oneself in the shoes of others.
Empathy
32
keeping a positive attitude also helps in improving the perception.
Positive Attitude
33
An individual upbringing to an extent guides one's perception.
Cultural influences
34
The ability to focus on specificstimuli or location in our in our environment.
Attention
35
attending to one thing while ignoring others
Selective attention
35
paying attention to more than one thing at a time.
Divided Attention
36
It is the ability to focus on one message and ignore all other
Selective Attention
37
Attention filtering occurs in either: ___, or ____
early in processing , later in processing
38
Early selection model:
Broadbent's Filter Model
39
Intermediate selection model: ___
Treisman's Attenuation Model
40
Late selection model: ___
MacKay (1973)
41
Research Method: ___
Dichotic Listening
42
Broadbent filter model of attention was designed to explain the result of an experiment done by ___
Colin Cherry (1953)
43
Cherry studied attention using a technique called ___.
dichotic listening
44
This procedure of repeating the words as they are heard is called ___.
Shadowing
45
Filter message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning.
Early Selection Model
46
Holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second
Sensory Memory
47
Identifies attended message based on physical characteristics
Filter
48
Processing all information to determine high-level characteristics of the message
Detector
49
Holds information for 10-15 seconds and may transfer it to long-term memory
Short-term memory
50
Filter message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning
Early selection model
51
Limitations
- Cocktail party phenomenon
- Dear Aunt Jane (Gray & Wedderburn, 1960)
52
Attended message can be separated from unattended message early in the information-processing system
Intermediate Selection Model
53
It analyzes incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning.
Attenuator
54
Contains words, each of which has a threshold for being activated.
Dictionary Unit
55
When people try to ignore distracting stimuli when they focus tehir attention on a certain task, they consider two factor
Processing Capacity
Perceptual Load
56
The amount of information peole can handle and sets a limit on their ability to process incomming information.
Processing Capacity
57
task due use higher amounts of processing capacity
High-load
58
task use lower amount of processing capacity
low-load
59
cannot avoid paying attention to the meaning of the words
Stroop Effect
60
rapid movement of the eye from one place to another
Saccades
61
short pauses on points of interest
Fixation
62
areas that stand out and capture attention
Stimulus salience
63
knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes
Scene schema
64
directing attention without moveing the eye
Precueing
65
one to four characters called target stimuli
Memory Set
66
Could contain random dot pattern a target and distractor
Test Frames
67
___ occurs without intention and only uses some of a person's cognitive resources.
Automatic Processing
68
Distractions: cell phone use
- 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study
- Strayer and Johnston (2001)
69
Stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at it.
Inattentional Blindness
70
Moving attention from one place to another
Location-based
71
Attention being from one place on an object
Object-based
72
Attention can be based on the:
Environment
Specific Object
73
If shown two version of a picture, differences between them are not immediately apparent
Change Blindness
74
The process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
Blinding
75
Inability to focus on individual object
Balint's syndrome
76
Feature integration theory
Object -> Preattentive stage (Analyzed into feature) -> Focused attention stage (Combine features) -> Perception
77
Monitoring several sources of information to determine occurence of a particular event
Selective Attention
78
Attending to one source of information and exclude other sources
Focused Attention
79
Two or more seperate tasks are performed simultaneously
Divided attention
80
Attention over prolonged periods
Sustained Attention
81
It is a processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present
Memory
82
Initial stage that holds all incoming information for a second or fractions of a second
Sensory Memory
83
Holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds
Short term memory
84
Can hold a large amount of information for years of even decades
Long-term Memory
85
Active processes that can be controlled by the person
Control Processes
86
It is the retention for brief period of time of the effects of the sensory stimulation
Sensory Memory
87
Measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory
Sperling's Experiment 1960
87
retention of the perception light
Persistenence of vision
88
participants asked to report as many as could be seen
Whole report method
89
participant heard tone that told them which row of letters to report
Partial report method
90
presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letter were extinguised
Delayed partial report method
91
Brief sensory memory of the things that we see (visual system – for seconds)
Iconic Memory
92
Brief sensory memory of the things that we hear (auditory system – about 1 second)
Echoic Memory
93
3 types of code
visual
phonetic
semantic
94
___ procedure used to measure the capacity of short-term memory
Change detection
95
___ small units can be combined into larger meaningful units.
Chunking
96
___ unit of the working memory space, defined jointly by the physical and cognitive properties that bind items within the chunk together.
Chunk
97
___ Strength of information decays over time unless it is periodically reactivated or “pulsed” (Cowan, 2001), a process called ___
Time
maintenance rehearsal
98
___ Decay and time are more disruptive on material that is more similar, particularly when such a material needs to be recalled in a particular sequence (Cowan, 2001)
Confusability and Similarity:
99
___ Working memory is resource-limited and depends very much on the limited supply of attentional resources.
Attention and Similarity:
100
Limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning (Baddeley and Hitch,1974)
Working Memory
101
Two component of phonological loop
- Phonological Store
- Articulatory Rehearsal Process
102
Has a limited capacity and holds information only a few seconds
Phonological Store
103
Responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying.
Articulatory Rehearsal Process
104
Letters or words that sound similar are confused
Phonological similarity effect
105
Memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words
Word length effect
106
Speaking prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered
Articulatory suppression
107
It holds visual and spatial information.
Visuospatial Sketch Pad
108
Shepard and Metzler inferred that participants were solving the problem by rotating an image of one of the objects in their mind, a phenomenon called ___.
mental rotation
109
Involved in the process of ___ — the creation of visual images in the mind in the
absence of a physical visual stimulus.
visual imagery
110
Is where the major work of working memory occurs because it is the control center of the working memory system
Central Executive
111
Baddeley describes the central executive as being an ___
▪ It determines how attention is focused on a specific task, how it is divided between two tasks,
and how it is switched between tasks.
attention controller.
112
The central executive is therefore related to ___, and it is essential in situations such as when a person is attempting to simultaneously drive and use a cell phone.
executive attention,
113
___: repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal
Perseveration
114
Your ___ is taking in the verbal directions.
phonological loop
115
Your ___ is helping you visualize a map of the streets leading to the restaurant.
visuospatial sketch pad
116
Your ___ is coordinating and combining these two kinds of information.
central executive
117
Backup store that communicates with long-term and working memory components.
Episodic Buffer
118
___ is responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information
Prefrontal cortex
119
Single cell recordings from monkey’s prefrontal cortex during a delayed-response task
Funahashi and coworkers (1989)
120
Information is stored in short-term changes in neural networks
Stokes (2015)
121
information to be remembered causes neurons to fire
Activity state
122
neuron firing stops, but connections between neurons are strengthened
Synaptic state
123
Is the system that is responsible for storing information for long periods of time.
Long-term memory
124
A classic experiment by B.B. Murdoch, Jr. (1962) studied the distinction between STM and LTM by measuring a function called the ___
serial position curve.
125
A __ is created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after another.
serial position curve
125
Distinction between short-term and long-term memories using the ___
serial position curve.
125
The finding that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence is called the ___
primacy effect.
126
A possible explanation of the primacy effect is that participants had time to rehearse the words at the beginning of the sequence and transfer them to LTM.
Serial Position
126
Serial position curve (Murdoch, 1962). Notice that memory is better for words presented at the beginning of the list (___) and at the end (___).
primacy effect; recency effect
127
refers to the form in which stimuli are represented
Coding
127
Physiological Approaches in Coding
- Visual Coding
- Auditory Coding
- Semantic Coding
128
remembered the pattern by representing it visually in your mind
Visual Coding
129
Semantic memory intact, ___
can remember general information about the past.
129
people often misidentify target letters as another letter that sounds like the target
Auditory Coding
129
Acquiring knowledge may start as episodic but then “fade” to semantic
Episodic can be lost, leaving only semantic.
129
memory for facts and information
▪ does not involve mental time travel
▪ General knowledge, facts
▪ “Knowing”
Semantic memory
129
The basic idea behind this experiment was to create ___ — the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information — by presenting words from the same category on a series of trials.
proactive interference
129
Wickens and coworker (1976). Interference enhanced by meaning of words
Semantic Coding
129
memory for experiences
▪ involves mental time travel
▪ tied to personal experience; remembering is reliving
▪ “Self-knowing”
Episodic memory
130
___: specific experiences, includes semantic and episodic
Autobiographical memory
130
Episodic memory intact, ___
can remember past events and create new event memories.
131
___: semantic memories that have personal significance
Personal semantic memory
132
How time affects memories
Forgetting increases with longer intervals after
encoding
133
Forgetting is not an "all-or-nothing" process (semantic memory)
Familiarity
134
Forgetting is not an "all-or-nothing" process (episodic memory)
Recollection
135
Loss of episodic details for memories of long- ago events
Semanticization of remote memories
136
Occurs when learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering
Implicit Memory
137
Perform procedures without being consciously aware of how to do them
Procedural memory
138
Presentation of priming stimulus changes person’s response to a test stimulus
Priming
139
more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true
Propaganda Effect
140
Pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response
Conditioning
141
acquiring information and transforming it into memory
Encoding
142
transferring information from LTM to working memory
Retrieval
143
Repetition of stimuli that maintains information but does not transfer it to LTM
Maintenance Rehearsal
144
Using meanings and connections to help transfers information to LTM
Elaborative Rehearsal
145
Depth of processing
- Shallow processing
- Deep processing
146
Other Factor That Aid Encoding
- Visual imagery
- Self-reference effect
- Generation effect
- Organization to-be -remembered information
- Relating words to survival value
- Retrieval practice
147
process of transferring information from LTM back into working memory (consciousness)
Retrieval
148
memory task results improve if the type of processing used during encoding is the same as the type during retrieval
Transfer-appropriate processing
149
Transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state
Consolidation
150
rapid, occurs at synapses
Synaptic consolidation
151
gradual, reorganization of neural circuits
System consolidation
152
Standard model of consolidation based partly on observation of injury/trauma-related memory loss
Memory Loss and Injury
153
loss of memory for events prior to the trauma
Retrograde amnesia
154
memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events
Graded amnesia
155
Retrieved memories become fragile and are consolidated again → ___
reconsolidation
156
___ causes severe emotional responses to traumatic memories
Post traumatic stress disorder
157
associate what you are learning to what you already know
Elaborate
158
Memory is better for multiple short study sessions
Spacing effect
159
