Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2ND TERM > ERGO M6 - M8 > Flashcards

ERGO M6 - M8 Flashcards

1
Q

These are experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses

A

PERCEPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Sensation can change based on added information

A

False. Perception instead of Sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or False: Perceptions occur in conjunction with actions

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False: Sensation is the top-down way our brain organize and interpret the information and put it into context.

A

False. Perception dapat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or False: Perception is the bottom-up process by which our senses, like vision, hearing and smell, receive and relay outside stimuli.

A

False: Sensation dapat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Perception involves complex, and usually invisible processes that resemble _________

A

reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Perception can be involved in a process similar to reasoning or problem solving, based on ________

A

a person’s past experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

WHAT ARE 4 WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION

A

– Authentic Communication
– Empathy
– Positive Attitude
– Cultural Influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION

_________ - Becomes very important as communication has to be proper and effective and needs to be understood by others in the way you wish it to be understood.

A

Authentic Communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION

________ - it helps to understand the situation by keeping oneself in the shoes of others.

A

Empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION

keeping a __________ also helps in improving the perception. For example, consider an
employee who is not performing up to the expectations of the superiors and has since been a
consistent failure, however, by keeping a positive attitude, he/she can take effective control of situation, thus preventing one’s perception to
get distorted.

A

positive attitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WAYS TO IMPROVE PERCEPTION

_______ - an individual’s upbringing to an extent guides one’s perception. Though it may be difficult for an
individual to change one’s perception, yet one should try to be flexible and accommodating enough to be able to shape up one’s perception.

A

Cultural Influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS

▪ an individual is perceived based on a single trait.
▪ a single trait may cast its influence on all other traits

A

Halo Effect

Example: A person may have done some good work, some time ago which was highly appreciated by his boss. This deed by the individual might have touched the boss to such an extent that all other qualities, be it negative, get overshadowed by just one good deed of the individual. Such an error often finds its way in the performance appraisal exercise wherein the rater tends to rate an individual very high or very low based on a single trait, thus permitting a high degree of bias to creep into the appraisal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS

▪ may disrupt the perceptual process
▪ in its simplest sense would mean “typecast”

A

Stereotype

Example: A teacher may stereotype that ‘back benchers are laggards’ or a boss may typecast that ‘athletes make up good salesmen’. Such types of generalized statements may influence the interview process for instance and may bias the interview ratings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 types OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS?

A

– Halo Effect
– Stereotype
– Projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS

▪ often creeps in due to incorrect perception of an individual
▪ seen during interviews that when the panelists are taking the interview of a candidate, it is very likely that one or more panelists may see their projection in the candidate or in other words their likes or dislikes may be the same as that of the candidate and hence their interview ratings could get biased

A

Projection

Example: While probing the personality of a candidate, the interviewer may ask about the hobbies of the candidate, to which the candidate may respond with an answer which conveys a set of hobbies that is like one or more of the panelist. In such a situation, the interviewer is likely to see his personality in the candidate which may compel him to skew the rating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

________ can be defined as a process wherein the individuals receive various stimuli, organize their
impressions, interpret in their own way, thereby giving some meaning to the environment.

A

perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Perception Process

(Describe the Input)

It includes various _______ which are received, or an individual is _____ on a daily basis

A

– stimuli
– bombarded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Perception Process

(Describe the Throughput)

This stage essentially represents the processing stage wherein the stimuli are ___________ by an
individual and taken ahead in the system. These are organized and taken further ahead for _________.

A

– selectively filtered
– interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Perception Process

(Describe the OUTPUT)

The output here pertains to
__________ displayed. This,
of course, could be _____ or _____ for an organization. Hence, the significance of perception from an organizational standpoint is very essential.

A

– behavior
– desirable
– undesirable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_____ is one’s estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by two factors.
▪ ________
▪ ________

A

– BAYESIAN INFERENCE
– The prior probability
– The likelihood of a given outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ describes the way we perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations.

A

Oblique Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION describing similar things appear grouped together.

A

Principle of Similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION describing differently colored areas if the dress are perceptually grouped with the same colors in the scene.

A

Color Causes Grouping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION describing lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

A

Principle of Good Continuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION describing:
▪ Principle of simplicity or good figure
▪ Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting
structure is as simple as possible.

A

Law of Pragnanz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Perceptual Organization:

▪ Old View – __________
▪ New View – _________

A

– Structuralism
– Gestalt Principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

_______ - perception involves adding up sensations. According to this, a number of _______ (represented by the dots), add up to create our perception of the face.

A

– Structuralism
– sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

_______ - the mind groups patterns according to intrinsic laws of perceptual organization.

A

Gestalt Principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

▪ It is the central to our ability to organize the actions that occur as we interact with the environment.
▪ It creates a picture of our environment and helps us take action within it, as it plays a central role in our general cognition.
▪ It is essential for creating memories, acquiring knowledge, solving problems, communicating with
other people, recognizing someone you met last week, and answering questions on a cognitive ergonomics exam.

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

▪ ________ : Refers to the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina.
▪ Involves starting with the ________ and then extending ______(inward or outward) to the _____ of that image.
▪ Light from an object is _________ as it falls on the _____.

A

First bullet
– Inverse Projection Problem

Second bullet:
– retinal image
– outward
– source

Third bullet
– Inverted
– retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

t or f
People never identify objects that are obscured and therefore incomplete, or in some cases objects that are blurry.

A

FALSE: they can often identify blurred and obscured objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Computer-vision systems can achieve _______ only by a laborious process that involves complex calculations designed to determine which points on an object match in
different views.

A

viewpoint invariance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

▪ Scenes are more complex.
▪ Not only are there often many objects in a scene, but they may be providing information about the scene that requires some reasoning to figure out.

These results to scenes containing _______

A

High Level Information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The human perceptual system uses two types of information:

– ______
– _____

A

Knowledge and expectations
Environmental energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

One of the human perceptual system types of information:

_______ the observer brings to the situation.

A

Knowledge and expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

One of the human perceptual system types of information:

______ stimulates the receptors.

A

Environmental energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND PERCEPTION

________ refers to:

▪ Bottom-up Processing
▪ Perception comes from stimuli in the environment
▪ Parts are identified and put together, and then
recognition occurs

A

Direct Perception Theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND PERCEPTION

________ refers to:

▪ Top-down Processing
▪ People actively construct perceptions using
information based on expectations

A

▪ Constructive Perception Theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

▪ Perception may start with the senses
▪ Incoming raw data
▪ Energy registering on receptors

A

Bottom-up Processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What type of processing

▪ Perception mat start with the brain
▪ Person’s knowledge, experience, and expectations

A

Top-down Processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or False:
Bottom-up processing influences our perception of language based on our individual experience with the language.

A

False: Top-down dapat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins

A

Speech segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word

A

Transitional probabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

True or False:
▪ Some perceptions are the results of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment.
▪ We use our knowledge to inform our perceptions.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

_________ - We perceive the world in a way that is “most likely” based on our past experience

A

Likelihood Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

True or False:

This aspect happens in our everyday perception. While in motion, we shift our attention from one thing to another to perceive what is happening

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The ability to FOCUS on specific stimuli or locations in our environment.

A

Attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Type of Attention.
Attending to one thing while IGNORING others

A

Selective attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Type of Attention.
Paying attention to MORE than one thing at a time

A

Divided attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Type of Attention.
“
▪ We DO NOT attend to a large fraction of the information in the environment.
▪ We FILTER out some information and promote other information for further processing.
“

A

Selective Attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In Selective Attention,

Attention filtering occurs in either: _________, or ________.

A

early in processing
later in processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

In Selective Attention,

Early selection model: AKA _____

A

Broadbent’s Filter Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

In Selective Attention,

Intermediate selection model: AKA _______

A

Treisman’s Attenuation Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

In Selective Attention,

Late selection model: ______ (Who developed and What year ??)

A

MacKay (1973)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

WHAT RESEARCH METHOD: ____

▪ One message is presented to the left ear and another to the right ear.
▪ The participant “shadows” one message to ensure he is attending to that message.

A

DICHOTIC LISTENING

Additional Notes:
Participants could not report the content of the message in unattended ear:
▪ Knew that there was a message
▪ Knew the gender of the speaker
However, unattended ear is being processed at some level:
▪ Cocktail party effect
▪ Change in gender is noticed
▪ Changed to a tone is noticed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

_________ was designed to explain the results of an experiment done by Colin Cherry (1953), where Cherry studied attention using a technique called dichotic listening

A

Broadbent’s filter model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cherry studied attention using a technique called _______, where _______ refers to presenting
different stimuli to the left AND right ears.

The participant’s task in this experiment is to focus on the message in one ear, called the ________, and to repeat
what he or she is hearing out loud

A

dichotic listening
dichotic
attended ear

di = AND

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

In BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL

This procedure of repeating the words as they are heard is called _________

A

shadowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

_____________
▪ Filters message BEFORE incoming information is analyzed for meaning.

A

Early selection model or
BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL, _______________

  • Holds all incoming information
    for a fraction of a second
    ▪ Transfers all information to next
    stage

BONUS: __nth step of the model

A

Sensory memory

1st
(SFDM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

In BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL, _______________

▪ Identifies attended message
based on physical
characteristics
▪ ONLY attended message is
passed on the next stage

BONUS: __nth step of the model

A

FILTER

2nd
(SFDM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

In BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL, _______________

Processes all information to
determine high-level
characteristics of the message

BONUS: __nth step of the model

A

Detector

3rd
(SFDM)

64
Q

In BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL, _______________

▪ Receives output of detector
▪ Holds information for _________
seconds and may transfer it to
long-term memory

BONUS: __nth step of the model

A

Short-term memory

10 to 15 seconds

4th
(SFDM)

65
Q

LIMITATIONS OF BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL

Why participant’s name gets through:
▪ _________ phenomenon

A

Cocktail party

66
Q

True or False

BROADBENT’S FILTER MODEL is not limited to answer the question “why participant’s can shadow meaningful messages that switch from one ear to another”

A

False. The question is considered a limitation as it contradicts the model.. diba?

– Dear Aunt Jane

67
Q

_____________ describes:

  • Attended message can be SEPARATED from unattended message early in the information-
    processing system.
    ▪ Selection can also occur later
A

Intermediate selection model
OR
TREISMAN’S ATTENUATION MODEL

68
Q

In a TREISMAN’S ATTENUATION MODEL

__________ analyzes incoming message in terms of physical
characteristics, language, and meaning.
▪ Attended message is let through at full strength.
▪ Unattended message is let through at much weaker strength.

BONUS: __nth step of the model

A

Attenuator

1st
(AD)

69
Q

True or False

Attenuator.
Unattended message is let through at full strength.

A

False. At weak strength

If attended messages, then at full strength

70
Q

In a TREISMAN’S ATTENUATION MODEL

_________
▪ Contains WORDS, each of which has a threshold for being
activated.
▪ WORDS that are common or important have low thresholds
▪ Uncommon WORDS have high thresholds

A

Dictionary Unit

71
Q

True or False

Dictionary Unit.
WORDS that are common or important have low thresholds

A

True.

So uncommon words means high thresholds

72
Q

Read only

The dictionary unit of Treisman’s attenuation model of
selective attention contains words, each of which has a
threshold for being detected. This graph shows the
thresholds that might exist for three words.

The person’s NAME has a low threshold, so it will be easily detected.

The thresholds for the words rutabaga and boat are higher,
because they are used less or are LESS important to this
particular listener.

A

So unimportant is high threshold. less detected

73
Q

_____________

  • Selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after information has been analyzed for meaning
    ▪ Meaning of the biasing word affected participants’ choice.
    ▪ Participants were unaware of the presentation of the biasing words.

______ person involved or nakadiscover siguro

A

– LATE SELECTION MODELS
– MacKay (1973)

Scenario (read only)
In attended ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences.
▪ “They were throwing stones at the bank.”

In the unattended ear, participants head either detected “river” or “money”

74
Q

When people try to ignore distracting stimuli when they focus their attention on a certain task, they consider two factors, Processing capacity and Perceptual load.

What theory is this?

A

LOAD THEORY OF ATTENTION

75
Q

Under LOAD THEORY OF ATTENTION

____ is the AMOUNT of information people can handle and sets a limit on their ability to process
incoming information

A

Processing capacity

76
Q

Under LOAD THEORY OF ATTENTION

____ is the difficulty of a task

A

Perceptual load

77
Q

True or flas

▪ High-load (difficult) tasks use higher amounts of processing capacity
▪ Low-load (easy) tasks use lower amounts of processing capacity

A

Tru

78
Q

True or False

The load theory of attention:
(a) LOW-load tasks that use FEW cognitive resources may leave resources “unavailable” for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli

A

False.

“AVAILABLE”

if madali idetect, mas available madetetect irrelevant stimuli

79
Q

True or False

high-load tasks that use all of a
person’s cognitive resources “leave” any resources to process
unattended task irrelevant stimuli.

A

False.

Dont Leave

80
Q

_____________

▪ Name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color.
▪ Cannot avoid paying attention to the meanings of the words

A

Stroop Effect

81
Q

true or false

reading is an automatic process

A

True

82
Q

___ describes Eye movements, attention, and perception.

Studies by using an eye tracker

A

OVERT ATTENTION

overt = plainly seen

83
Q

_____: rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another.

A

Saccades

84
Q

____: short pauses on points of interest

A

Fixations

85
Q

______: areas that stand out and capture attention.
▪ Example: color and motion

A

Stimulus salience

86
Q

____: knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes
▪ Example: guided fixations from one area of a scene to another

A

Scene schema

87
Q

____: directing attention without moving the eyes
▪ Example: when participants respond faster to a light at an expected location than at an unexpected location

A

Precueing:

88
Q

True or false

Practice enables people to simultaneously do two things that were difficult at first.

A

true

89
Q

____ and ____ discovered:

Divide attention between remembering target and monitoring rapidly presented stimuli

A

Schneider and Shiffrin (1977)

in case need tao

90
Q

________: one to four characters called target stimuli.

A

Memory Set

91
Q

______: could contain random dot patterns, a target, and distractors.

A

Test frames

92
Q

________ occurs without intention and only uses some of a person’s cognitive
resources.

A

Automatic processing

93
Q

What Study

  • Video recorders placed in cars
    ▪ Accident risk is 4x higher when using a cellphone
A

100-car Naturalistic Driving Study

94
Q

True or false

▪ Accident risk is 6x higher when using a cellphone

A

false.
4x higher lang

95
Q

True or false

Participants on phone missed three times as many red lights
and took longer to apply the brakes.
Same result using “hands-free” cell phone.

A

false. twice lang

96
Q

Stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at
it.

A

Inattentional Blindness

di mo napansin merong something pala

97
Q

What are these 2 types of OBJECT BASED VISUAL ATTENTION.

____. Moving attention from one PLACE to another.

____. Attention being directed to one place on an object

A

Location based

Objected Based

98
Q

Attention can be based on the:
▪ ________. Static scenes or scenes with few objects
▪ ________. Dynamic event

A

Environment
Specific Objects

99
Q

___________ describes the ff:

  • If shown two versions of a picture, differences between them are not immediately apparent.
    ▪ Task to identify differences requires concentrated attention and search.
A

Change Blindness

di mo napansin may nagbago pala, unless w/ full concentration

100
Q

The process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create
our perception of a coherent object.

A

Binding

101
Q

that attention must be directed serially to each stimulus in a display whenever CONJUCTIONS of more than one separable feature are needed to characterize or distinguish the possible objects presented. (FROM GOOGLE)

also addresses Balint’s syndrome

A

FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY

102
Q

____ describes

▪ Inability to focus attention on individual objects.
▪ High number of illusory conjunctions were reported.

A

Balint’s syndrome

103
Q

What are the 2 stages of FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY

then ano itsura ng model

A

Object > Preattentive stage > Focus attention stage > Perception

104
Q

True or False
▪ Attention enhances neural responding.

A

true

105
Q

t or f
▪ Attentional processing is distributed across only a few number of areas in the brain

A

false.
across large numbers

106
Q

what are 4 other models of attention

▪ __________. Monitoring several sources of information to determine occurrence of a particular event.

▪ _________ Attending to ONE source of information and exclude other sources.

▪ _________. Two or more SEPARATE tasks are performed simultaneously.

▪ _________. Attention over PROLONGED periods.

A

Selective Attention
Focused Attention
Divided Attention
Sustained Attention

107
Q

___ is the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images,
events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

A

Memory

108
Q

Active anytime some past experience has an impact on how you think or behave now or in the
future

A

memory

109
Q

Modal Model of Memory was developed by ____ and ____

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

model ish:

Input> Sensory Memory > STM >< LTM

output from STM

110
Q

______. is the initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second.

A

Sensory Memory

111
Q

Short term memory Holds five to seven items for about
____ seconds.

A

15 to 20

112
Q

Can hold a large amount of
information for years of even
decades

A

Long term of memry

113
Q

_____ are active processes
that can be controlled by the person
through:
▪ Rehearsal
▪ Strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable
▪ Strategies of attention that help you focus on specific stimuli

A

Control Processes

114
Q

It is the retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of the sensory stimulation.
▪ Information decays very quickly

A

Sensory Memory

115
Q

____: retention of the perception of light
▪ Trail of light from a moving sparkler
▪ Frames in film

A

Persistence of vision

116
Q

What experiment and what year

Measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory
▪ Array of letters flashed quickly on a screen
▪ Participants are asked to report as many as possible

A

(Sperling’s Experiment, 1960)

Adtl info:
▪ Whole report method: participants asked to report as many as could be seen
▪ Average of 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.50%)
▪ Partial report method: participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report
▪ Average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (82%)
▪ Participants could report any of the rows
▪ Delayed partial report method: presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the
letters were extinguished.
▪ Performance decreases rapidly

117
Q

IN Sperling’s experiment

The decrease in performance
is due to the ____ of iconic memory (sensory memory in the modal model)

A

rapid decay

118
Q

___: Brief sensory memory of the things that we SEE (visual system – for seconds)

A

Iconic Memory

119
Q

Brief sensory memory of the things that we HEAR (auditory system – about 1 second

A

Echoic Memory

120
Q

True or false

Sensory memory is not Relatively automatic

A

false

little can be done to increase the length of sensory representation.

121
Q

To retain the information gained from Sensory Memory for a longer period, it must be transferred to _______

A

short term memory.

122
Q

T or f

Sensory memory require attention for the attention to be maintained

A

false. does not

123
Q

_____ Includes both new information received from the sensory stores and information recalled from long- term memory.

Reduction in performance explained by decay, the vanishing of a memory trace due to the passage of time and exposure to competing stimuli

A

Short term memory

124
Q

What are the 3 types of codes under memory

A

Visual
Phoetic
Semantic (meaning)

125
Q

____ procedure used to measure the capacity of short-term memory

A

Change detection

126
Q

Short term memory capacity is

A

7+/ -2 chunks of information

or 5 to 9

127
Q

in terms of SHORT-TERM MEMORY

_____ - small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

A

Chunking

128
Q

in terms of SHORT-TERM MEMORY

____ - UNIT of the working memory space, defined jointly by the physical and cognitive properties that bind items within the chunk together.

A

chunk

129
Q

True or false

chunk is a collection of elements weakly associated with one another but strongly associated with elements in other chunks

A

false

strongly muna bago weakly

130
Q

Strength of information decays over time unless it is periodically reactivated or “pulsed” (Cowan, 2001), a process called ________

A

maintenance rehearsal

131
Q

5 limits of short term mem

A
  • change detection
  • capacity
  • time
  • Confusability and Similarity
  • attention and Similarity
132
Q

___ describes Limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks
such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

A

Working memory

133
Q

t or f

Working memory differs from short-term memory (STM

A

t

134
Q

____ is concerned with the storage, processing and manipulation of information, and is active
during complex cognition

A

working memory

135
Q

In Baddeley’s working memory model

______ is the verbal and auditory information

A

PHONOLOGICAL LOOP

136
Q

In Baddeley’s working memory model

____ is the visual and spatial information

A

visuospatial sketch pad

137
Q

In PHONOLOGICAL LOOP

_____ Has a limited capacity and holds information only a few seconds

A

Phonological Store

138
Q

In PHONOLOGICAL LOOP

___ is responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying.

A

Articulatory Rehearsal Process

139
Q

what are the three Phenomena Supporting Phonological Loop

__________
- Letters or words that sound similar are confused

_________
▪ Memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words
▪ Takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall

__________
▪ Speaking prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered
▪ Reduces memory span
▪ Eliminates word length effect
▪ Reduces phonological similarity effect for reading words

A

▪ Phonological similarity effect
▪ Word length effect
▪ Articulatory suppression

140
Q

the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus.

A

Visual imagery

141
Q

_________ is an example of the operation
of the visuospatial sketch pad because it
involves visual rotation through space.

______ and _____ describes this phenomena

A

mental rotation

Shepard and Metzler

142
Q

▪ Is where the major work of working memory occurs because it is the control center of the working
memory system.
▪ It pulls information from long-term memory and coordinates the activity of the phonological
loop and visuospatial sketch pad by focusing on specific parts of a task and deciding how
to divide attention between different tasks.
▪ Controls suppression of irrelevant information

A

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE

143
Q

Its mission is not to store information but to coordinate how information is used by the phonological
loop and visuospatial sketch pad

A

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE

144
Q

it determines how attention is focused on a specific task, how it is divided between two tasks,
and how it is switched between tasks

A

attention controller

145
Q

working memory model is made by

A

Baddeley

146
Q

The central executive is therefore related to _________, and it is essential in situations such as when a person is attempting to simultaneously drive and use a cell phone

A

executive attention

147
Q

IN terms of central executive

____ means repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the
desired goal

A

Perseveration

148
Q

read only.

may taga basa ng directions habang nagddrive ka

▪ Your phonological loop is taking in the verbal directions.
▪ Your visuospatial sketch pad is helping you
visualize a map of the streets leading to the restaurant.
▪ Your central executive is coordinating and combining these two kinds of information.

A

noted

149
Q

______
▪ Backup store that communicates with long-term and working memory components.
▪ Hold information longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad.

A

EPISODIC BUFFER

150
Q

____ is responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information.

A

Prefrontal cortex

151
Q

T and F
Information is stored in short-term changes in neural networks

A

T
Stokes (2015)

152
Q

true or false

not only that a number of areas are associated with working
memory, but that they communicate with each
other

A

t
Ericsson et al. (2015)

153
Q

Activity-silent working memory:
▪ ________: information to be remembered causes neurons to fire

A

Activity state

154
Q

Activity-silent working memory:
▪ ________: neuron firing stops, but connections between neurons are strengthened

A

Synaptic state

155
Q

reminder. memorize all models / flowcharts

A

ok

2ND TERM (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions