Errors (Applicable for all sciences) Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is the definition of Random Error?
Unpredictable fluctuations that affect a measurement each time it is made.
Random errors are typically caused by small, uncontrollable changes in the environment.
What causes Random Error?
Due to small, uncontrollable changes in the environment (e.g., temperature, observer reaction time, electrical noise).
These factors can lead to variations in measurements.
What is the effect of Random Error on measurements?
Measurements scatter around the true value—some too high, some too low.
This scattering can make it difficult to determine the true value.
Provide an example of Random Error.
Timing a pendulum swing with a stopwatch—your reaction time may vary slightly each time.
Variability in human reaction time introduces uncertainty.
How can Random Error be reduced?
Take multiple measurements and calculate the average.
Averaging helps to mitigate the impact of random fluctuations.
What is the definition of Systematic Error?
Consistent, repeatable errors that occur due to a flaw in the equipment or method.
Systematic errors can lead to biased results.
What causes Systematic Error?
Faulty equipment, poor calibration, or biased experimental technique.
These causes lead to consistent inaccuracies in measurements.
What is the effect of Systematic Error on measurements?
All measurements are shifted in one direction (either all too high or all too low).
This shift can misrepresent the true value being measured.
Provide an example of Systematic Error.
A weighing scale that always reads 5 g too heavy.
This consistent offset indicates a systematic issue with the scale.
How can Systematic Error be reduced?
Calibrate equipment properly and check procedures.
Regular maintenance and checks can help identify and correct systematic errors.
What is the definition of Zero Error?
A type of systematic error where the measuring instrument does not read zero when it should.
Zero error is a specific form of systematic error.
What causes Zero Error?
Instrumental fault or incorrect initial setup.
These issues lead to an inaccurate baseline for measurements.
What is the effect of Zero Error on measurements?
All readings are offset by a fixed amount.
This fixed offset can lead to consistently inaccurate results.
Provide an example of Zero Error.
A ruler where the ‘0’ mark is worn off, or a digital caliper showing 0.2 mm when closed.
Such examples illustrate how zero error can occur in measuring instruments.
How can Zero Error be corrected?
Subtract (or add) the zero error from all measurements.
Correcting for zero error ensures more accurate measurements.
