errors made Flashcards
What kind of ribosomes does chloroplasts have?
= 70s chromosomes
What do the pili on bacteria do?
= hair like structures that can bind to other bacteria
what does the capsule do?
= slimy coat
= maintains moisture
What do lysosomes do name the 2 roles?
= involved in phagocytosis
= reusing worn out/damaged organelles
=
How does the lysosomes do its function?
= lysosomes contain digestive enzymes- acidic PH
= forms a vacuole and lysosomes fuse with the membrane of the vacuole and releases digesitibe ezmes yat digest the cell
How are using lactase on beads useful?
= can be reused
= the milk does not need to be removed
Why is glycogen a good source of energy?
= made from alpha glucose
= hydrolysed releases glucose
= can be used for respiration
Determining the genome of the viruses could allow scientists to develop a vaccine. Explain how
= identify proteins that deprive from the genetic code
= identify the proteome and identify then the possible antigens that can be used
Suggest and explain two further investigations that should be done before
this ADC is tested on human breast cancer patients.
= tested on healthy humans for side effects
= tested on other mammals
= considering a suitable dosage and concentration to be given to patients
Explain how the active site of an enzyme causes a high rate of reaction.
= formation of enzyme substrate complex- lowers the activation energy- induced fit causes the active site to change- causes bonds to break
(i) Humans and grasshoppers have very similar percentages of each base in
their DNA but they are very different organisms.
Use your knowledge of DNA structure and function to explain how this is
possible.
= Have different genes;
= (Sobases / triplets) are in a different sequence / order;
=(So) different amino acid (sequence / coded for) / different protein /
different polypeptide / different enzyme.
Describe how a phosphodiester bond is formed between two nucleotides
within a DNA molecule.
= 2 nucleotides react- condensation reaction
= phosphodiester bond formed between the deoxribose sugar and phosphaye head- caaltsed by dna polymerae
The gene for this polypeptide contains more than this number of bases.
= introns- non coding regions pf the gene
difference between active and passive immunity?
Active involves memory cells, passive does not;
2. Active involves production of antibody by plasma cells /
memory cells;
3. Passive involves antibody introduced into body from outside /
named source;
4. Active long term, because antibody produced in response to
antigen;
5. Passive short term, because antibody (given) is broken down;
6. Active (can) take time to develop / work, passive fast acting.
What important note is to be mentioned about antigens?
= FOREIGN protiens
Why is it good for optical microscope samples to be thin?
= to allow more light to pass through
= to view single/multiple layers of cells
The hydrostatic pressure falls from the arteriole end of the capillary to the venule
end of the capillary. Explain why.
= loss of water
High blood pressure leads to an accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain how.
= high blood pressure means high hydrostatic pressure
= increased outwatds pressure in arteriole and reduced oressyre at venule end
= more tissue fluid formed less is absorbed
The rise and fall in blood pressure in the aorta is greater than in the small
arteries.Suggest why.
= aorta is closer to the heart
= aorta has elastic tissue
= can strech and recoil
What blood vessel carries blood at the lowest pressure?
= Vena cava
For each of the following, give one way in which the structure or location in E. Coli differs from that in a eukaryotic cell.
= respirtory enzymes
= not found in mitochondria
Explain how an epithelial cell is adapted for each of these functions:
(i) the active transport of substances from the cell into the blood
(ii) the synthesis of enzymes
(iii) rapid diffusion of substances from the lumen of the gut into the cytoplasm
= mitochondrua respire, prouces ATP, used to transport agaisnt the gradient
ii)
= ribosomes that synthesise protens, enymes needed
= microvilli increases surface area
Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotes. Biologists think that mitochondria originated from prokaryotes. Suggest two structural features of mitochondria that provide evidence for this theory.
= contains DNA
= contains inner foldings
= doesnt have membrane bound rganelles
(iii) Heating may affect the tertiary structure of a protein. Explain how.
= breaks the bonds holding the teritary structure in place
