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module 103 - theme 2 > erythrocytes > Flashcards

erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what gas is poorly soluble in plasma?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

what is the equation for respiration in muscle?

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~36 ATP

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3
Q

what is the equation for anaerobic glycolysis?

A

C6H12O6 —> 2 lactate + 2 ATP

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4
Q

what makes up 95% of the dry weight of red blood cells?

A

haemoglobin

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5
Q

what is haemoglobin’s allosteric property?

A

cooperatively

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6
Q

how many haem groups does each haemoglobin & myoglobin subunit have?

A

one

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7
Q

what structure is a haem group?

A

a porphyrin ring

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8
Q

why is the haem group coloured?

A

due to the sharing of electrons

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9
Q

what state is the iron in a haem group?

A

ferrous (Fe2+)

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10
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can one haemoglobin subunit carry?

A

one

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11
Q

what subunits does adult haemoglobin (HbA) consist of?

A

2 alpha & 2 beta (tetramer as 4 subunits)

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12
Q

what subunits does foetal haemoglobin (HbF) consist of?

A

2 alpha & 2 gamma

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13
Q

what type of haemoglobin has a stronger affinity for oxygen?

A

foetal haemoglobin (HbF)

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14
Q

what is the bohr effect?

A

the shift in oxygen dissociation curve caused by changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide or the pH of the surrounding environment

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15
Q

what happens when there is a decrease in blood pH?

A

there is a decreased affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

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16
Q

what percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved?

A

10%

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17
Q

what percentage of carbon dioxide is a carbamino?

A

22%

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18
Q

what percentage of carbon dioxide is HCO3-?

A

68%

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19
Q

what shape is the myoglobin curve?

A

hyperbolic

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20
Q

what shape is the haemoglobin curve?

A

sigmoidal

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21
Q

what does the rightward shift (R) mean?

A

lowered affinity for oxygen

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22
Q

what does muscle activity do to haemoglobin?

A

encourages it to release oxygen

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23
Q

what is 2,3-DPG?

A

2,3-diphosphoglycerate (or 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate/2,3-BPG)

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24
Q

what does 2,3-DPG do?

A

binds to haemoglobin and lowers it’s affinity for oxygen

25
Q

what does increasing the concentration of 2,3-DPG do?

A

decreases the affinity for oxygen causing a right shift in affinity

26
Q

why is blood slightly acidic?

A

due to carbon dioxide and lactic acid

27
Q

how does the oxygen leave the haemoglobin?

A

cooperatively

28
Q

what must happen before respiratory drive increases?

A

plasma oxygen must drop precipitously

29
Q

what is the main driver to increase respiratory rate?

A

H+ in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

30
Q

why is the response to carbon dioxide greater than the response to H+?

A

due to the blood h+ is only based on signal from carotid arch

31
Q

describe some features of a red blood cell

A
  • biconcave
  • anucleate, lack organelles
  • 7 micrometre diameter & 2 micrometre height
  • contain haemoglobin
  • red when oxygenated
  • very flexible: fold and stack in blood vessels
32
Q

what are the functions of erythrocytes?

A
  • ‘bag’ of haemoglobin

- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

33
Q

how many days do erythrocytes survive for?

A

120 days

34
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

development/production of red blood cells

35
Q

where are red blood cells produced after birth?

A

bone marrow only

36
Q

where are red blood cells produced after age 20?

A

membranous bones only (eg - vertabrae)

37
Q

where are red blood cells produced during embryogenesis?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • yolk sac
38
Q

what is haematopoiesis?

A

development of all blood cells

39
Q

what are the 4 steps of development of erythrocytes from stem cells?

A

multipotent stem cells —> multipotent progenitor cells

—> lineage-committed progenitor cells —> mature cells

40
Q

what is erythropoietin (EPO)?

A
  • a cytokine/hormone that drives erythropoiesis

- performance-enhancing drug

41
Q

where is erythropoietin made?

A

made in the kidney in response to hypoxia in the kidney

42
Q

what is a reticulocyte?

A

a red blood cell precursor

43
Q

how many days does a reticulocyte last for and then what happens?

A

it lasts 2 days then it becomes a definitive red blood cell

44
Q

what can the reticulocyte count be used for, why and what are the results?

A
  • used as a diagnostic tool in anaemia
  • it indicates the bone marrow activity
  • high in haemolytic anaemias & low when erythropoiesis is low
45
Q

what is methaemoglobinaemia?

A
  • when haemoglobin cannot transport oxygen

- the iron in haemoglobin is oxidised to Fe3+

46
Q

what is methaemoglobinaemia due to?

A
  • congenital globin mutations (HbM)
  • hereditary decrease of NADH
  • toxic substances
47
Q

what happens during carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

blood turns bright red

48
Q

what is affected first during carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

brain = disorientation

49
Q

what is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

95% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide

50
Q

what is polycythaemias?

A
  • increased number of red blood cells

- increases viscosity of blood: clogs blood vessels

51
Q

what is physiologic polycythaemia due to?

A

living at high altitudes

52
Q

what percentage of all iron is in red blood cell haemoglobin?

A

65%

53
Q

how is iron stored?

A

intracellularly as ferritin and haemosiderin (30%)

54
Q

where is iron stored?

A

in the reticuloendothelial system

liver, spleen, erythrocytes, bone marrow, macrophages/monocytes

55
Q

how much iron is lost a day & what factors may alter this?

A

1mg/day and it is altered by pregnancy, menstruation and peptic ulcers

56
Q

what is vitamin B12 & folic acid needed for?

A
  • important for rapidly dividing tissue

- essential for forming DNA (thymidine)

57
Q

what is the condition called where you are deficient in vitamin B12 & folic acid?

A

megaloblastic anaemia (macrocytic)

cells keep filling up but can’t divide quick enough

58
Q

what is the treatment for megaloblastic anaemia?

A

oral folic acid, intramuscular hydroxocobalamin

59
Q

what condition is caused by iron deficiency?

A

hypochromic microcytic anaemia

cells keep dividing but cannot fill up with haemoglobin

module 103 - theme 2 (8 decks)

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