ESCI Exam 1

Question 1

human population and the environment,resources + pollution

Answer 1

resources: more people require more resources like food, energy, and water
pollution: more people means more waste including plastic, chemicals, and greenhouse gasses

Question 2

challenges in achieving comfortable living standards

Answer 2

1. resource scarcity, competition
2. environmental degradation, soil erosion
3. social and economic strain

Question 3

present world population

Answer 3

8 billion

Question 4

population growth rates compared

Answer 4

recent population growth rates are higher due to the industrial revolution and advancements in technology

Question 5

doubling time

Answer 5

the amount of time it takes for a value to double itself at a consistent rate of growth. Divide 70/annual growth rate.
advancements in technology and medicine

Question 6

what regions have the fastest and slowest population growth

Answer 6

Highest: Africa and Asia
Slowest: Europe and North America

Question 7

Ion

Answer 7

an atom that is positively or negatively charged

Question 8

Isotope

Answer 8

elements with different number of neutrons

Question 9

Compound

Answer 9

a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are bonded

Question 10

mineral

Answer 10

naturally occurring inorganic solid with chemical composition and crystalline structure

Question 11

rock

Answer 11

any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter

Question 12

What two properties define a particular mineral

Answer 12

chemical composition and crystalline structure

Question 13

what is an igneous rock? Volcanic vs. plutonic

Answer 13

a rock that forms from the solidification of molten rock material, smaller minerals equal quick cooling

volcanic/intrinsic: formed from lava that erupted onto the Earth’s surface,

Plutonic/extrinsic: formed from magma that cools and solidifies beneath the surface, larger minerals equal longer cooling time

Question 14

how do igneous rocks form

Answer 14

melting crystallization, complete melt

Question 15

what mineral group is most common in igneous rocks

Answer 15

silicates are made up of silicon and oxygen, quartz, feldspar, mica, and olivine

Question 16

porphyritic texture, how it’s formed

Answer 16

large, well formed crystals embedded in finer grain matrix, formed when magma undergoes 2 stages of cooling first to form the large crystals and then to form the finer grains

Question 17

principles of sedimentary rock

Answer 17

1. clastic: formed by the lithification of
   mechanically weathered pieces of rocks and minerals: conglomerate, sandstone, shale
2. chemical and biochemical: minerals precipitate from the
   water and can form thick
   deposits limestone, halite

Question 18

common physical weathering processes

Answer 18

Frost wedging: water freezes in cracks
root wedging: plant roots grow into cracks
abrasion: rubbing wears down the surface
physical weather
unloading: change of pressure

Question 19

effects weathering has on chemical weathering

Answer 19

exposure of fresh surfaces: may contain minerals more susceptible to weathering
increased surface area: more area for chemical reactions to occur
transportation: transport rocks into new environments where they may be exposed to acid

chemical reactions that break down into solutes and byproducts

Question 20

Principle of Superposition

Answer 20

younger rocks on top, older rocks on the bottom

Question 21

sources of heat or pressure in metamorphism

Answer 21

heat from magma, heat from earths interior, pressure from overlaying rock, tectonic forces

Question 22

contact metamorphism vs. regional metamorphism

Answer 22

contact: a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and texture are changed, by heat, due to contact with magma, elevated temperature no pressure

regional: large scale stressing and heating of a rock
by deep burial or continental plates moving and colliding

Question 23

foliation, how it’s formed

Answer 23

when a rock is subjected to directed stress, its minerals form elongated/platy crystals and line up
parallel to each other

Question 24

causes of strain in rock, plastic vs. brittle materials

Answer 24

strain is caused by stress which leads to deformation, compression, separation, slide past each other

plastic: undergo deformation without fracturing
brittle: fracture under stress when elastic limit is exceeded

Question 25

plate tectonic, continental drift and seafloor spreading relationship

Answer 25

large scale motion of lithosphere and plate tectonics continental drift: continents were once joined seafloor spreading: crust is formed at mid ocean ridges as tectonic plates pull apart they are both driven by the motion of the tectonic plates

Question 26

paleomagnetic evidence

Answer 26

magnetic reversal: magnetic poles have not always been in the same location dating mechanism for movement of continents and formation of new oceanic crust

Question 27

occurence of plate tectonics

Answer 27

1. distribution of earthquakes and volcanos 2. fossil evidence 3. hot spots 4. continental drift

Question 28

subduction zone formation, what process happens at this plate boundary

Answer 28

forms at convergent plate where two plates collide and one is forced beneath the other, dense plate goes underneath earthquakes, volcanic activity

Question 29

how continent convergence happens and what happens

Answer 29

when two plates collide mountain building, earthquakes, crustal thickening, no subduction continent convergence leads to the formation of some of the worlds largest mountain ranges and a key process in shaping the Earth's surface Himalayas and Alpes

Question 30

hot spots, determining rates and direction of plate movement

Answer 30

areas of volcanic activity that are thought to be caused hot spots a chain of volcanic islands are formed as plates move over hot spot

Question 31

shield volcanoes, why not hazardous

Answer 31

shallow and dome shape, gradual accumulation of lava layers that form the shield shape, they have gentle eruptions which make them not hazardous

Question 32

eruptive style of St. Helens compared to Hawaii

Answer 32

Stratovolcano- Mt. St. Helens has more explosive eruptions with ash clouds, and pyroclastic flows

Question 33

pyroclasts

Answer 33

fragments of volcanic rock and glass during explosive eruptions

Question 34

comparing active, dormant, and extinct volcanos, limitations of classification scheme

Answer 34

active: currently erupting, have recently, or are expected to erupt in the near future dormant: currently inactive but have the potential to erupt again extinct: not expected to erupt again, may have eroded and may no longer have a recognizable structure classification scheme only works for human history "recent history" is short geologically

Question 35

volcanic explosivity index

Answer 35

a scale used to measure the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions based on various factors 0-8

Question 36

precede volcanic eruptions

Answer 36

1. seismic activity: small earthquakes or tremors 2. gas emissions: changes in gas emissions can indicate increased activity

Question 37

Yellowstone supervolcano

Answer 37

origins associated with a hot spot supervolcano: the scale of its past eruptions capable of producing VEI 8

Question 38

fault creep, damaging earthquakes

Answer 38

slow movement along fault which relieves pressure and stress which calms bigger earthquake events. if it gets stuck, it can build stress which can lead to an earthquake

Question 39

earthquakes and elasticity

Answer 39

elastic behavior allows them to store and release stress, rock can change shape and return to their original shape when stress is removed once elastic limit is exceeded rocks deform plastically causing an earthquake

Question 40

strike slip vs dip slip faults

Answer 40

strike slip: the movement of rock occurs horizontally along the fault plane, moving laterally dip slip: the movement of rocks occur vertically along the fault plane normal and reverse

Question 41

magnitude vs intensity

Answer 41

magnitude: the size of an earthquake and the amount of energy released, determined using seismographs, measured using the richter scale intensity: the effects of an earthquake, based on observations of shaking and damage, uses the Modified Mervalli Intensity scale (MMI) from I-XII

Question 42

granite into sedimentary

Answer 42

igneous granite weathering and lithifying turning into a sedimentary rock

Question 43

Felsic

Answer 43

light colored minerals, cooler magma, intrusive, granite

Question 44

Intermediate

Answer 44

light and dark minerals, medium temp, intrusive, diorite

Question 45

Mafic

Answer 45

hotter magma, dark color, extrusive, basalt

Question 46

rock cycle in terms of plate tectonics, creation of new igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

Answer 46

igneous: as lava reaches earth's surface, it cools and becomes an extrusive igneous rock metamorphic: the areas around the magma chambers create metamorphic rock from contact metamorphism sedimentary: as sediment settles and hardens, sedimentary rocks form