ESL Cert

Question 1

study of the production of sounds in speech

Answer 1

Phonetics

Question 2

looks at the sounds and patterns of particular languages

Answer 2

Phonology

Question 3

the way the voice rises and falls in speech

Answer 3

Intonation

Question 4

emphasis placed on syllables or words

Answer 4

Stress

Question 5

the smallest unit of meaning in a language

Answer 5

Morpheme

Question 6

study of how morphemes are combined

Answer 6

Morphology

Question 7

examines how words are constructed into phrases or sentences

Answer 7

Syntax

Question 8

study of meaning in language

Answer 8

Semantics

Question 9

a way to visually represent sounds

Answer 9

Transcription

Question 10

occurs when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds; thus English language learners must study not only individual sounds but also unique sounds

Answer 10

Assimilation

Question 11

occurs when sounds are omitted from the pronunciation of a word

Answer 11

Elision

Question 12

occurs when sounds are rearranged in a word like when iron is pronounced iern

Answer 12

Metathesis

Question 13

occurs when language learners incorrectly apply the rules of their native language to the rules of the language they are learning

Answer 13

interference/negative transfer

Question 14

social skills students use in everyday life when in social situations

Answer 14

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

Question 15

language needed for academic work and study

Answer 15

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALPS)

Question 16

the process of procuring, comprehending, and utilizing language for communicative purposes

Answer 16

Language Learning

Question 17

subconscious process in which language is internalized without deliberate intent

Answer 17

Language acquisition

Question 18

Set of 5 hypotheses developed by Stephen Krashen

Answer 18

Monitor model

Question 19

states that comprehensible input is necessary for students who are in the process of acquiring a new language

Answer 19

input hypothesis

Question 20

the knowledge that is gained through formal learning is useful in certain settings, such as written work and in self-correcting when time permits

Answer 20

monitor hypothesis

Question 21

posits that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners

Answer 21

natural order hypothesis

Question 22

addresses the emotional risks inherent in learning a new language

Answer 22

affective-filter hypothesis

Question 23

shaped the theory of universal grammar

Answer 23

Noam Chomsky

Question 24

states that children are born with the innate ability to understand the human voice and to distinguish between different parts of language

Answer 24

Universal Grammar

Question 25

when one applies knowledge of a first language onto another; can be positive or negative

Answer 25

Transfer

Question 26

when students find similarities between their native language and English and use those similarities to aid in their learning

Answer 26

Positive transfer

Question 27

also referred to as interference, occurs when students incorrectly apply rules from their native language to their learning of English

Answer 27

Negative transfer

Question 28

students often mix words from their first language in with the language they are learning

Answer 28

code-switching

Question 29

learners must pass through each of the stages on their way to proficiency

Answer 29

Five Stages of Second-Language Acquisition

Question 30

also known as silent period

Answer 30

Preproduction Stage

Question 31

learners can now produce single-word and two to three-word phrases and can respond to questions and statements

Answer 31

Early Production Stage

Question 32

learners are able to chunk simple words and phrases into sentences that may or may not be grammatically correct

Answer 32

Speech Emergence Stage

Question 33

able to speak in more complex sentences

Answer 33

Intermediate Fluency Stage

Question 34

have achieved cognitive language proficiency in their learned language

Answer 34

Advanced Fluency Stage

Question 35

refers to providing accurate examples of speech and language for language learers

Answer 35

Language Modeling

Question 36

new information that students are able to understand because it is introduced alongside information they already know

Answer 36

Comprehensible input

Question 37

in place to support students and to allow them to grasp what might otherwise be out of reach

Answer 37

Scaffolding

Question 38

asking questions, offering contextual details, providing visual clues and aids, provide a model of the process

Answer 38

Forms of Scaffolding

Question 39

symbols used to represent phonemes

Answer 39

Graphemes

Question 40

learners should start at the top and work their way down

Answer 40

Whole Language Approach

Question 41

focuses on transferring students' literacy skills independently

Answer 41

phonics/skills-based approach

Question 42

uses learners prior knowledge and experiences to generate specific lessons that are designed to enhance the learning

Answer 42

Language Experience Approach

Question 43

based on the principle that second languages should be acquired in much the same way as first languages

Answer 43

DIrect/Natural method

Question 44

intended to maximize the time ELLs spend in general education content classrooms.

Answer 44

Push-In programs

Question 45

provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction. Students do not attend classes with English-speaking students, but they study the same curriculum.

Answer 45

Sheltered Instruction

Question 46

national education law that was passed by the US Congress in 1965 with the goal of establishing an equal educational opportunity for all students

Answer 46

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Question 47

continues government efforts to provide an equal educational opportunity for all students without some of the more inflexible and punitive conditions of NCLB

Answer 47

Every Student Succeeds Act

Question 48

states that a human's thoughts and actions are determined by the language which that person speaks

Answer 48

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Question 49

all human thought and action is totally controlled by language

Answer 49

linguistic determination

Question 50

language only partially influences human thought and action

Answer 50

linguistic relativism

Question 51

the process of adapting to a new culture

Answer 51

acculturation

Question 52

honeymoon, hostility, humor and home

Answer 52

Four Stages of Acculturation

Question 53

gave Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation as had only previously been given to African American students

Answer 53

Keyes v. School District No. 1 Denver (1969)

Question 54

ruled schools in the district had an obligation to provide bilingual and English-learning instruction to non-English students in order for the students to receive adequate education

Answer 54

Lau v. Nichols (1974)

Question 55

no state shall deny the access to equal education by "failing to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers"

Answer 55

Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974

Question 56

ELL programs must meet three requirements 1) the program must be based on sound academic theory 2)it must have adequate resources and personnel to implement it and 3) the program must conduct evaluation to determine if the language barriers of students are being overcome

Answer 56

Castaneda v. Pickard 1981