ESL Praxis

Question 1

a general term that describes word forms that have two or more meanings. ex: can (able to) and can(a container)

Answer 1

Homonyms

Question 2

two or more words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings.
Ex: stalk (part of plant) stalk (to follow)

Answer 2

homographs

Question 3

two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spelling.
ex: wood/would , cite/sight

Answer 3

Homophones

Question 4

two or more words that have the same spelling but have a different pronunciation and meaning.
ex: Polish/polish

Answer 4

heteronyms

Question 5

refers to a phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme.
ex: and ae nd is usually spoken as /n/ in rapid casual speech

Answer 5

Assimilation

Question 6

a complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable.
ex: /oi/ in boil /i/ in fine are dipthongs

Answer 6

Diphthong

Question 7

Omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next).
ex: are going /r/ guen.

Answer 7

Elision

Question 8

a complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative.
ex; /ch/ in child and /j/ in joy

Answer 8

Affricative

Question 9

a consonant characterized by fricitonal passage of the expired breath through a narrowing at some point in the vocal tract. ex: /v/, /shwa/, /short o/, /s/, /z/, /j/, /h/

Answer 9

fricatives

Question 10

a stop or occlusive produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.
/p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/

Answer 10

Plosives

Question 11

shortening pronunciation of a word.
ex: wanna, gonna, gimme, lemme

Answer 11

reduction

Question 12

/L/ like consonant sounds.
ex: lady, fly, tell

Answer 12

Laterals

Question 13

sounds that are joined together , frequently a final consonant with an intitial consonant or a vowel with an initial vowel by inserting a /w/, or /y/.
ex:
turn off= turn off
so I = sowI
do all =dowall

Answer 13

Linking sounds

Question 14

determines the context or meaning of words or series of words.
ex: I can’t go.
or I can’t go?

Answer 14

pitch

Question 15

can modify the meaning of words or sentences.
CONflict (noun) stress the first syllable or conFLICT (verb)

Answer 15

stress

Question 16

speech that is not spoken, but nevertheless, understood by the speaker.
ex: the headquarters of the amercian society is no longer located in florida. Sentences proposes the headquarters used to be in florida.

Answer 16

presupposition

Question 17

concerns implications the listener can make from utterances without actually being told. It includes presupposition.
ex: I tried to send an email. (implies I was unsuccessful)

Answer 17

implication associated with H.P. Grics

Question 18

use of stress and tone to convey meaning.
ex: Jonathon visited MIRIAM.
or Jonahthon VISITED Mirian.

Answer 18

Prosodic features

Question 19

utterances (goal directed actions) whose purpose is to get people to do things, speech, betting, agreeing on a plan.
Ex: I declare the Winter Olympics closed. (The act of closing the games)

Answer 19

Speech acts associated with J.L. Austin.

Question 20

The ball is in someone elses court

Answer 20

idiom

Question 21

a, e, i, o , u

Answer 21

primary cardinal vowels

Question 22

13 English monophthongs – vowel sounds that are made with a single position of the mouth (tongue, jaw, lips)
1. /iː/ NEED, BEAT, TEAM

2. /ɪ/ THIN, SIT, RICH
3. /ɛ/ WENT, BREAD, FRIEND
4. /ɛː/ CARE, THERE, BEAR
5. /a/ CAT, HAND, FAN

Answer 22

monophthongs

Question 23

a kind of phoneme that changes its sound based on how a word is spelled. Think of the letter t and what kind of sound it makes in the word “tar” compared with “stuff.” It’s pronounced with a more forceful, clipped sound in the first example than it is in the second.

Answer 23

allophone

Question 24

a union of three vowels (letters or sounds) pronounced in one syllable (as in some pronunciations of our ).
a vowel trigraph (as in b eau ).
ex: hour, fire, pure

Answer 24

triphthong

Question 25

smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another. ex: for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

Answer 25

phoneme

Question 26

conveys differences of expressive meaning (e.g., surprise, anger, or delight), and it can also serve a grammatical function.

Answer 26

Intonation

Question 27

a consonant sound produced by raising the blade, or front, of the tongue toward or against the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge (the gums). The German ch sound in ich and the French gn (pronounced ny) in agneau are palatal consonants.

Answer 27

palatal

Question 28

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry

Answer 28

prosody

Question 29

means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or. ex: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling. Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.

Answer 29

Parallel Structure

Question 30

include; prefixes such as un, re, dis. suffixes such as s/es, ed, er, ing. base words such as help, form. un- event -ful and -ness

Answer 30

morpheme

Question 31

Any verb that is preceded by the word 'to'. Examples: 'to love, to eat, to run, to believe, to follow, to laugh, to stare, to wonder

Answer 31

Infinitive

Question 32

need to be consistent with the subject of the sentence, whether it be singular, plural, or person. When there are unmotivated changes from singular to plural, this is called a pronoun shift, as in the following sentence: “Classes were cancelled, but it will resume tomorrow.

Answer 32

pronoun shift

Question 33

is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much

Answer 33

compound complex sentence

Question 34

a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. ex: After Troy ate a giant cookie, he got a stomachache

Answer 34

complex sentence

Question 35

Troy ate a giant cookie. He got a stomachache.

Answer 35

simple sentences

Question 36

time=These include after, as soon as, as long as, before, once, still, until, when, whenever, and while. For example, "I will do the dishes after everyone has gone home" concession=include although, as though, and even though. An example would be, "Eliza wrote the Higgins report even though it was assigned to Colonel Pickering." comparision=include just as, though, whereas, in contrast to, and while cause=using as, because, in order that, since, and so that. condition=indicated by even if, if, in case, provided that, and unless. "If he's going to be there, I'm not going to the party. place= which determine where activities might occur, include where, wherever, and whereas.

Answer 36

categories of subordinating conjunctions