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Final exam > ESM 300 Exam 3 > Flashcards

ESM 300 Exam 3 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Wetland

A

Areas where water is at, near, or above the land long enough to support aquatic vegetation, and soils are indicative of wet conditions.

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2
Q

Wildlife

A

Plants, animals, and microbes that live independently of humans (not domesticated)

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3
Q

Species Diversity

A

The abundance of different species

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4
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

genetic diffrence between individuals within each species or population. (like dogs)

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5
Q

Ecological Diversity

A

Variety of ecosystems

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6
Q

Functional Diversity

A

functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities.

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7
Q

CITES

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975)
-174 countries
-lists 900 species that can’t be commercially traded if in danger of extinction (living or products)

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8
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

-(1973)
-lists endangered and threatened species. (can’t hunt, kill, collect, or injure)
-Provides protection and plan for recovery.
-illegal to trade products made from animals.

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9
Q

Taking

A

You cannot take (hunt, injure, kill, collect, or ruin habitat) a species on the endangered species list.

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10
Q

Urban Area

A

An area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it.

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11
Q

Metropolitan Statistical Area

A

Counties with at least 50,000 residents and the immediate surrounding counties.
-approx. 20% of U.S. land area

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12
Q

Urban Sprawl

A

Growth of low-density development on the edges of cities and towns.

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13
Q

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

A

Reduce: use less of the product.
Reuse- use the product more than once.
Recycled- product processed into a totally new product.

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14
Q

Toxic Release Inventory

A

Companies have to inform the public of what toxic substances are released in their communities.

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15
Q

Hazardous Waste

A

Any discarded materials that may pose a potential hazard to human health or env. when managed improperly
-Toxic
-ignitable
-corrosive
-dangerously reactive

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16
Q

Peak Oil

A

point in time when the global production of oil reaches its maximum rate, – will eventually decrease
Didn’t follow a perfect bell curve.

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17
Q

Renewable Energy

A

Energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

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18
Q

Nonrenewable Energy

A

Non-renewable fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas, coal) Non-renewable energy is energy produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal.
(takes billions of years to replenish)

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19
Q

Point source pollutants

A

Discharge of waste from an identifiable point
-storm sewers, ind. plants, treatment facilities.

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20
Q

Non-point source pollutants

A

broad area, rather than a specific point, from which pollutants enter.
runoff chemicals from cropland, urban streets, parking lots, lawns.

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21
Q

Municipal Wastewater Treatment

A

Primary- removes solids
Secondary- removes organics, pathogens
Tertiary- removes nutrients

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22
Q

Septic Systems

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A

Underground wastewater system in country houses, you find a primary holding tank for the solids and a secondary tank for catching smaller particles. The liquid then runs through the second tank and then drains in a drainage field that is made of a sand and gravel mixture.

23
Q

Troposphere

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A

The lowest level of atmosphere holds 75-80% of gases.

24
Q

Tropopause

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A

Where temp inversions occur.

25
Thermal Inversion
Levels of alternating cold and hot temps as altitude increases Very little mixing of gases.
26
Primary Pollutant
Chemicals added directly to the air that can occur in harmful concentrations (emitted in toxic form) Ex: carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, etc.
27
Secondary Pollutant
Harmful chemicals formed in the atmosphere through chemical reaction.
28
Criteria Pollutant
Identified by EPA as a special concern. -impact on human health -the amount produced/ emitted
29
Acid Precipitation
Rain with chemicals -O3, PAN, Aldehydes, Sulfuric Acid, Nitric Acid
30
Ozone Depletion
Caused by CFC's and occurs mainly at the poles Will be fixed in approx 50 years. General public 1. Not happening 2. Happening, Natural 3. Caused by humans, not important 4. Important, too late 5. Action
31
Climate Change
Caused by humans 95% certainty Greenhouse effect
32
Discuss the benefits of Wetlands
-Flood control -Food -Improve water quality (nature's filter) -Replenish groundwater supplies -Protects shorelines (riperian areas- area next to body of water) Nature's buffer prevents erosion -Stabilizes stream and river flow -Wildlife habitat
33
Estimated number of species on Earth today
estimated 8.7 million identified: 1.7
34
What percent of species that have ever existed have gone extinct?
99% almost all due to natural changes
35
How do current extinction rates compare with normal background rates?
*Background extinction rates is about 1 million species each year. *Current extinction rates are 10,000 times greater than background loss. *Due to natural environmental changes.
36
Name several of the major causes for species loss and decline as noted by E.O. Wilson.
HIPPCO H- Habitat Destruction, Degradation, and Fragmentation I- Invasive (nonnative) Species P- Population and Resource Use Growth (Human) P-Pollution C- Climate Change O- Overexploitation
37
Discuss the general trend in urbanization in LDCs and MDCs.
*88% of the world's urban growth is occurring in developing countries. *Towards more people living in cities and not in rural areas.
38
Discuss the elements of a conservation subdivision.
Small house lots then this allow open space.
39
Where does the majority of our solid waste in the US come from?
*Mining, Agriculture, industry, municipalities.
40
Where does the majority of our hazardous waste in the US come from?
71% Chemical and petroleum industries, metal processing and mining, all other industries.
41
How much municipal solid waste is produced per person each day in the US?
4.5 pounds per person per day. 1670 pounds per person per year.
42
What comprises the majority of the municipal solid waste in the US?
Paper and Paperboard, yard trimmings, food scraps, plastics, metals, wood.
43
Elements of a Modern Landfill
Siting: do not use wetland, soil needs to be prober type and amount, look at level of groundwater, Convenience- close to people. Clay/ Plastic Liners: trying to protect these liners. Leachate collection systems: collect leachate and goes to treatment center. Compacted/ Covered every 24 hours: compact then cover with soil to help odor Methane collection Monitoring wells.
44
Name the major energy sources worldwide and in Wisconsin
Fossil fuels
45
List several types of renewable energy
Solar, Hydropower, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal.
46
How much of the world's freshwater is currently polluted?
Almost 50%
47
Where is the majority of water on Earth found?
Oceans 96.5% Ice and Snow 1.76%
48
What accounts for the majority of water usage worldwide?
70% Agriculture 20% Industry 10% Cities and Residences About 2/3 unnecessary wasted- through evaporation or leaks
49
Describe the effects of discharging organic waste, such as untreated sewage, into a water body.
Upstream: normal clean, water organism. Lots of dissolved oxygen and low biochemical oxygen demand. Decomposition Zone: Pollution-tolerant fishes. Biochemical oxygen demand goes way up and dissolved oxygen goes down. Septic Zone: Fish absent, fungi, sludge and bacteria. Biochemical oxygen demand starts to go down and dissolved oxygen is at the lowest point and begins to start back up. Recovery Zone: Pollution-tolerant fishes. There starts to become more dissolved oxygen in the water than biochemical oxygen demand. Clean Zone: Normal clean water organisms. The dissolved oxygen returns to the normal amount and biochemical oxygen demand goes down.
50
Discuss the causes of ozone depletion and climate change.
CFC: controlled foreign compensation Natural sources 40% increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration since the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION began. We are currently in the "it's important but it's a too late phase". 25% of the public doesn't believe that global warming is real.
51
How many BTU does the us use
100 quadrillion BTU's
52
Passive solar
the broad part of your house facing south
53
where does majoraty of solid waste come from in the US.
paper products

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