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A2 Physical Education > ESP- Energy > Flashcards

ESP- Energy Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

This is the “currency” of all biological energy

A

ATP

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2
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosinetriphosphate

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3
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical compounds (CHOs)

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4
Q

“Stored” energy which is ready to use when required (ATP)

A

Potential energy

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5
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

Energy in the form of muscle contraction/joint movement

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6
Q

What is ATP?

A

Chemical energy stored as a high energy compound in the body.
It is the ONLY immediate usable source of energy in the body

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7
Q

Define energy and state how it is measured

A

Is the ability to perform work, or put mass into motion.
Energy is measured in joules (J). This describes the force of 1 Newton (= to 1kg x gravity) acting through a distance of 1 metre.
Energy is also measured in calories (1 cal= 4.18 joules)

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8
Q

How is work calculated?

A

Work (J)= force (N) x distance moved (m)

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9
Q

What is work?

A

Work is when a force is applied to a body to move it a certain distance

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10
Q

Define power and explain how it is calculated

A

Power is the rate at which work can be done, i.e. work divided by time. Power is measured in watts (w)

Power (w) = work/time = force (N) x distance (m) / time (seconds

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11
Q

Which enzyme breaks down ATP to create energy for movement?

A

ATPase

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12
Q

The breakdown of ATP is an ____________ reaction

A

exothermic

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13
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy

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14
Q

What is an endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that consumes energy

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15
Q

How long can the body’s stores of ATP provide energy for

A

2-3 seconds

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16
Q

ATP (ATPase) –> _____________?

A

ADP + Pi + ENERGY

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17
Q

True or false

The breakdown of ATP -> ADP + Pi + ENERGY is a reversible reactions

A

True

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18
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

using the product from one reaction in another reaction

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19
Q

ATP-(ATPase)-> ADP + Pi + ENERGY is an example of which type of reaction?

A

exothermic

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20
Q

Define an exothermic reaction

A

A reaction that releases/produces energy

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21
Q

ADP + Pi + ENERGY –> ATP is an example of which type of reaction? Why?

A

coupled and endothermic

Because it uses the products from another reaction and energy is consumed in the reaction

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22
Q

How long does can the ATP stores in the muscles provide energy for work?

A

2-3 seconds

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23
Q

What is ATP resynthesis?

A

The 3 energy systems are used to create energy to rebuild ATP for continued muscular contraction

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24
Q

Name the 3 energy systems

A

ATP/PC
Lactic Acid
Aerobic

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25
The predominant energy system used in an activity is dependent on which 2 factors?
Intensity and duration of the exercise
26
Summarise the ATP/PC system via the 3 formulas
ATP -(ATPase)-> ADP + Pi + ENERGY (1 ATP) PC -(Creatine kinase)-> C + P + ENERGY ADP + P + ENERGY --> ATP
27
What links the phosphate molecules in ATP?
High energy bonds
28
During the first 3 seconds of exercise, ATP levels fall and ADP levels rise, causing the release of ___________, which stimulates the breakdown of PC.
Creatine kinase
29
The ATP/PC system is also known as the
Alactic system
30
The reactions of the ATP/PC system take place in the
muscle sarcoplasm
31
``` The ATP/PC system: Fuels: Site of reaction: Controlling enzyme: Yield: By products: ```
``` Fuels: ATP/phosphocreatine Site of reaction: sarcoplasm Controlling enzyme: creatine kinase Yield: 1:1 By products: none ```
32
The ATP system is aerobic/anaerobic
anaerobic
33
PC can resynthesise ATP for a maximum of ____ seconds
10
34
ATP/PC system is the predominant energy system for events of:
very high intensity | very short duration
35
Give 3 advantages of the ATP/PC system
``` Fast- stored in the muscles No delay for O2 delivery Provides energy for high intensity No fatiguing by products PC can be resynthesised quickly ```
36
Give three disadvantages of the ATP/PC system
We store only small amounts of ATP and PC Inefficient 1:1 Short duration- 8-10 secs
37
Give 3 training adaptations of anaerobic training on the ATP/PC system
increases the body’s stores of ATP/PC. delays the threshold between the ATP/PC and the lactic acid system increases the potential duration of high intensity for up to 1-2 seconds
38
Describe the lactic acid system via formula
glycogen -(GPP)-> glucose-6-phosphate -(PFK)-> pyruvic acid (+2 ATP)--([insufficient O2] LDH)-> lactic acid
39
the incomplete breakdown of glycogen in the absence of sufficient oxygen is called
anaerobic glycolysis
40
Anaerobic glycolysis takes place in the ______
muscle sarcoplasm
41
Where is glycogen stored?
Muscles and liver
42
Where do our glycogen stores come from?
Our diet- particularly complex carbohydrates
43
Which 3 enzymes are involved in anaerobic glycolysis?
GPP (glycogen phosphorylase) PFK (PhosphoFructoKinase) LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
44
The lactic acid system can resynthesise ATP for approximately ______ depending on exercise intensity
2-3 mins
45
The lactic acid system is the predominant energy system for events of:
high intensity | short duration
46
What is OBLA?
Onset of blood lactate accumulation. When exercise produces more lactic acid than can be removed. Over 4 mmol/L
47
Describe the impact that OBLA has on energy production
OBLA decreases the pH within the muscle cells. This inhibits the enzymes involved in glycolysis which prevents the breakdown of glucose and induces muscular fatigue. Lactic acid also stimulates pain receptors
48
It takes about _____ to remove lactic acid with a gentle warm down
1 hour
49
What happens to lactic acid when it is produced?
Converted back to pyruvic acid during recovery and used as energy by the heart and other muscles. 70% of lactic acid produced is oxidised for energy 20% is converted to glucose (energy) in the liver. 10% is converted to protein.
50
Give 2 examples of activities when the lactic acid system is the predominant energy system
400m runners 50/100m swimmers Games players who have a high number of repeated, high intensity sprints without any time to recover
51
Give 3 effects that repeated bouts of anaerobic training which overload the LA system produce
increase the body’s tolerance to lactic acid increase the body’s glycogen stores delays OBLA prolongs the lactic acid system threshold by delaying fatigue Allows athletes to work at higher intensities for longer periods- very important for 400m runners, 50-100m swimmers and games players who could carry out more intervals before fatiguing
52
Give 3 advantages of the lactic acid system
Used for high intensity work Relatively quick- no delay for O2 Large glycogen stores Can work aerobically or anaerobically
53
Give 3 disadvantages of the lactic acid system
Short duration Lactic acid build up= reduces pH= fatigue inefficient 1:2 Stimulates pain receptors
54
``` The lactic acid system: Fuel: Site of reaction: Controlling enzyme: Yield: By products: ```
``` Fuel: glycogen Site of reaction: sarcoplasm Controlling enzyme: GPP, PFK, LDH Yield: 1:2 By products: lactic acid ```
55
What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration?
Aerobic glycolysis Kreb's Cycle Electron Transfer Chain
56
Summarise aerobic glycolysis using a formula
glycogen -(GPP)-> glucose-6-phosphate -(PFK)-> pyruvic acid (+2 ATP)--(sufficient O2)+ Coenzyme A-> Acetyl CoA
57
Aerobic glycolysis takes place in the
muscle sarcoplasm
58
How many ATP molecules are resynthesised during glycolysis?
2
59
Summarise the Kreb's cycle using a formula
Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetic acid -> citric acid -> ENTERS KREBS CYCLE-> CO2 is produced for removal via the lungs Hydrogen atoms are removed (oxidised) Energy is produced to resynthesise 2 ATP molecules Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated
60
Where does the Kreb's Cycle take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria
61
Summarise the formula and outcomes of the ETC
H + FAD & NAD -> FADH & NADH -> PASS DOWN ETC the hydrogen electron (e-) is split from the hydrogen atom and passes down the ETC: this produces sufficient energy to resynthesise 34 ATP molecules the hydrogen ion (H+) combines with oxygen to form H2O
62
Where does the ETC take place?
Cristae of the mitochondria
63
Summarise the energy yield from aerobic respiration
2 ATP from aerobic glycolysis 2 ATP from the Kreb’s cycle 34 ATP from the ETC TOTAL= 38 ATP
64
Summarise aerobic respiration via either equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (for 38 ATP) or glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
65
``` aerobic system: Fuel: Site of reaction: Controlling enzyme: Yield: By products: ```
Fuel: glycogen Site of reaction: sarcoplasm/ matrix/cristae of mitochondria Controlling enzyme: GPP/PFK/Coenzyme A/lipase (fats) Yield: 1:38 By products: H20 and CO2
66
Summarise how fats (triglycerides) are broken down aerobically
Triglycerides- (lipase)-> Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) + glycerol-> Acetyl CoA ->enters and is broken down in the Kreb’s cycle and ETC
67
The breakdown of fats is called
beta-oxidation
68
Why is glycogen a preferable energy source compared to fats?
requires 15% more oxygen= must work at a lower intensity
69
Specific aerobic training will cause a number of adaptations which will help to improve the aerobic system’s efficiency to resynthesise ATP. Give 3.
increased storage of muscle and liver glycogen increased activation of aerobic enzymes earlier use of FFAs as a fuel source which conserves glycogen stores Increase the aerobic threshold= increased exercise intensity Delays muscle fatigue by delaying OBLA= maximises its efficiency in removing lactate during recovery
70
Give 3 advantages of the aerobic system
Large glycogen and FFA stores Efficient resynthesis 1:38 Provides energy for moderate intensity, long duration exercise No fatiguing by products
71
Give 3 disadvantages of the aerobic system
Slower rate of ATP resynthesis | Delay for O2 delivery
72
What is the energy continuum?
The relative contribution of all three energy systems to the resynthesis of ATP at the same time
73
In a 400m race, identify the predominant energy system at these points: 2 seconds 20 seconds 45 seconds
2 seconds: ATP/PC 20 seconds: Lactic acid 45 seconds: Aerobic
74
Describe when the anaerobic threshold may occur during exercise of: very high intensity high intensity moderate intensity
very high intensity: 30 seconds high intensity: 60 seconds moderate intensity: 180 seconds (3 mins)
75
Give an example and name the predominant energy system for events of: very high intensity, very short duration high intensity, short duration moderate intensity, long duration
very high intensity, very short duration: ATP/PC (javelin) high intensity, short duration: Lactic acid (400m) moderate intensity, long duration: Aerobic (triathlon)

A2 Physical Education (9 decks)

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