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1
Q

What are observations and inferences?

A

Observations use the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch). Inferences are interpretations.

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2
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and density?

A

As pressure increases, density increases.

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3
Q

In which state are most substances most and least dense?

A

Most substances are most dense in the solid state and least dense in the gaseous state.

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4
Q

At what temperature is water densest?

A

Water is densest at 3.98°C, when it is a liquid.

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5
Q

What happens to water when it freezes?

A

Water expands when it freezes.

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6
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and density?

A

As temperature increases, density decreases.

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7
Q

What defines a direct relationship?

A

In a direct relationship, both variables increase or decrease.

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8
Q

What defines an inverse relationship?

A

In an inverse relationship, one variable increases while the other decreases.

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9
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Dynamic equilibrium means changes are occurring, but are balanced, so overall conditions stay the same.

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10
Q

What is the true shape of the Earth?

A

The true shape of the Earth is an oblate spheroid.

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11
Q

What is the best model of the Earth’s shape?

A

The best model of the Earth’s shape is a sphere.

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12
Q

How do you determine the Earth’s circumference?

A

To determine the Earth’s circumference, we need the altitude of the sun at two locations and the distance between those locations.

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13
Q

What does the altitude of Polaris equal?

A

The altitude of Polaris equals your latitude in the Northern Hemisphere.

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14
Q

What direction do latitude lines run?

A

Latitude lines go east-west.

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15
Q

What is the maximum latitude?

A

The maximum latitude is 90°.

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16
Q

What is longitude based on?

A

Longitude is based on observations of the sun (solar noon).

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17
Q

What direction do longitude lines run?

A

Longitude lines go north-south.

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18
Q

What is the maximum longitude?

A

The maximum longitude is 180°.

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19
Q

What do isolines connect?

A

Isolines connect points of equal value.

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20
Q

What do closer isolines indicate?

A

Closer isolines mean a steeper gradient.

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21
Q

What is the rate of the Earth’s rotation?

A

The Earth rotates west to east at a rate of 15° per hour.

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22
Q

What direction does the Earth revolve around the sun?

A

The Earth revolves counterclockwise around the sun.

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23
Q

What is the evidence that the Earth rotates?

A

Evidence that the Earth rotates includes the Foucault Pendulum and the Coriolis Effect.

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24
Q

When is the summer solstice?

A

The summer solstice is on June 21.

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25
When is the winter solstice?
The winter solstice is on December 21.
26
What are the equinoxes?
The equinoxes are March 21 (vernal) and September 23 (autumnal).
27
What is perihelion?
Perihelion is when the Earth is closer to the sun in winter (December).
28
How many hours of daylight does the equator always have?
The equator always has 12 hours of daylight.
29
What is the relationship between a planet's distance from the sun and its orbit speed?
The closer a planet is to the sun, the faster it orbits.
30
What is retrograde motion?
Retrograde motion is when planets appear to go backwards as the Earth passes them in space.
31
Why do we see phases of the moon?
Half of the moon is always lit, but we see phases because of the angle at which we view it.
32
What is kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, which increases with velocity.
33
What is potential energy?
Potential energy is stored energy, which increases with height.
34
What are good absorbers of energy also good at?
Good absorbers of energy are also good radiators of energy.
35
What type of surfaces absorb more energy?
Dark, rough surfaces absorb more energy than light, smooth surfaces.
36
What is conduction?
Conduction is energy transferred from molecule to molecule by collisions.
37
What is convection?
Convection is energy transferred by moving molecules due to density differences.
38
What is radiation?
Radiation is energy transferred by waves, needing no medium.
39
What is specific heat?
Specific heat is the energy needed to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1°C.
40
What has the highest specific heat?
Water has the highest specific heat.
41
What happens to temperature during a phase change?
Temperature does not change during a phase change.
42
What moderates temperatures?
Bodies of water moderate temperatures.
43
How does the atmosphere get moisture?
The atmosphere gets moisture from evapotranspiration.
44
What happens to evaporation rates with higher vapor pressure?
The more moisture in the air, the slower the evaporation rate.
45
What is the relationship between warm air and density?
Warm air is less dense.
46
What is the relationship between moist air and density?
Moist air is less dense.
47
What causes wind?
Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.
48
What is adiabatic temperature change?
Adiabatic temperature change results from a change in pressure.
49
What happens to expanding gases?
Expanding gases cool.
50
What happens to compressing gases?
Compressing gases heat up.
51
What is condensation?
Condensation is water vapor turning into liquid water.
52
What is relative humidity?
Relative humidity is the percent saturation of air.
53
What is the dew point?
The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated.
54
What does a small difference between air temperature and dew point indicate?
A small difference indicates a greater chance of precipitation.
55
What are condensation nuclei?
Condensation nuclei are surfaces on which condensation can occur.
56
What is a cloud?
A cloud is a collection of water droplets too small to fall.
57
What is precipitation?
Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere.
58
What is the adiabatic lapse rate?
The adiabatic lapse rate states that dry air cools faster than moist air.
59
How are air masses classified?
Air masses are classified based on their source region.
60
What are high and low pressure systems characterized by?
High pressure systems are cool and dry, while low pressure systems are warm and moist.
61
In which direction does weather move in the US?
Weather in the US moves from west to east.
62
Which type of front is faster?
Cold fronts are faster than warm fronts.
63
What does infiltration depend on?
Infiltration depends on permeability.
64
What does porosity depend on?
Porosity is independent of particle size.
65
What happens as particle size increases?
As particle size increases, permeability increases and capillarity decreases.
66
What is the driving force behind most erosion?
Gravity is the driving force behind most erosion.
67
What is the most dominant agent of erosion on Earth?
Running water is the most dominant agent of erosion on Earth.
68
What does stream velocity depend on?
Stream velocity depends on slope and discharge.
69
Where is velocity greatest in a straight section of a stream?
In a straight section of stream, velocity is greatest in the middle just under the surface.
70
Where is velocity greatest in a curved section of a stream?
In a curved section of stream, velocity is greatest on the outside just under the surface.
71
What do sediments in streams look like?
In streams, sediments are sorted, round and smooth, and form V-shaped valleys.
72
What do sediments in glaciers look like?
In glaciers, sediments are unsorted, striated, and form U-shaped valleys.
73
What is sorting in terms of deposition?
Sorting is the separation of particles during deposition.
74
What are the characteristics of the largest, roundest, densest particles during deposition?
The largest, roundest, densest particles are deposited first.
75
What are graded beds?
Graded beds are a form of vertical sorting, with the largest particles on the bottom.
76
What do mineral characteristics depend on?
Mineral characteristics depend on their internal atomic arrangements.
77
What are the physical properties of minerals?
Physical properties of minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, specific gravity, cleavage, and crystal form.
78
What percentage of the lithosphere is composed of only 12 minerals?
90% of the lithosphere is composed of only 12 minerals.
79
What are the types of sedimentary rocks?
Sedimentary rocks can be clastic, chemical, or organic.
80
What are the two types of igneous rocks?
Igneous rocks are intrusive (below surface) and extrusive (above surface).
81
What are metamorphic rocks changed by?
Metamorphic rocks are changed from heat and pressure.
82
What do a rock's characteristics indicate?
A rock's characteristics indicate how and where it was formed.
83
Where are sedimentary rocks typically found?
Sedimentary rocks are found as a thin veneer over large areas.
84
Where are nonsedimentary rocks usually found?
Nonsedimentary rocks are usually found in areas of earthquake and volcanic activity.
85
What is the Moho?
The Moho is the base of the crust where density suddenly changes.
86
What is the shadow zone?
The shadow zone is where p-waves are refracted and s-waves are stopped, indicating liquid in the core.
87
What is isostasy?
Isostasy is the Earth's crust in equilibrium.
88
What is original horizontality?
Original horizontality states that rock strata are deposited in horizontal layers.
89
What is the principle of superposition?
The principle of superposition states that profiles are built from the bottom up.
90
What is an unconformity?
An unconformity is a buried erosional surface.
91
What are good time markers in geology?
Good time markers are short-lived and widespread.
92
What is radioactive decay?
Radioactive decay is the breakdown of an isotope into a more stable element.
93
What is half-life?
Half-life is the time period in which one half of the remaining amount of isotope decays.
94
What is the significance of uranium-235?
Uranium-235 is used to date really old rocks.
95
What is the significance of carbon-14?
Carbon-14 is used to date recent organic material.
96
What are landscape characteristics?
Landscape characteristics include topography and relief.
97
What are the three types of landscape regions?
The three types of landscape regions are mountains, plateaus, and plains.
98
What is uplift in geology?
Uplift is a constructive force.
99
What is leveling in geology?
Leveling is a destructive force.
100
What is diastrophism?
Diastrophism refers to folding and faulting.

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