Essay Plan (Overview)

Question 1

1. Introduction

Answer 1

(Mills, 2016) 1/4 (Gander, 2016) 12.6
Nova Scotia
(Rice, 2016) Asia disease burden
(Lei Win, 2017) 25 of the world’s 30 most polluted cities
(Chan and Yao, 2007) Spilling

Question 2

2. Money

Answer 2

(Patel, 2016) Structural characteristics- speed bumps
(Schuyler, 1988) Greenspace and health- urban parks movement in 19th century
Accessibility- (rural vs urban?)
(Moons and Kearns, 2014) Food deserts (calorie up, walkability down.

Question 3

3. Low income and bad behaviours

Answer 3

More likely to adopt…
(JRF, 2014) Interpersonal behaviours- drugs, criminal behaviour, violence, smoking (Jarvis and Wardle, 2006)
Certain characteristics = worse stress- Lack of pride in environment (littering/ graffiti)
Overall sense of fear/ unsafe

Question 4

4. Pollution

Answer 4

(WHO, 2010) Environmental inequalities
(Schwartz, 2001) Morbidity and mortality
(Samet et al., 2001) Hospital admissions

Question 5

5. Urban Environments

Answer 5

(World Bank, 2009) x2 in next 30 years
Faster and more complex rat race
(Leavitt, 2017) Big organisations = unhealthy
(Moons and Kearns, 2014) Drinking problems = youth = cities

Question 6

6. (Extra) Social housing

Answer 6

(Fenton, 2015) Not just a dwelling space
(Hopps, 2016) Families placed in homes outside London has risen tenfold from 2010-11.
(Thompson et al, 2012) Uncertainty = stress

Question 7

7. (Extra) Glasgow effect

Answer 7

When compared…(Walsh et, 2016)
(Glasgow Centre for Population Health, 2016) causes

• Historic
  Lagged effects of historic deprivation higher than English comparators.
  Poorer structural improvements in Glasgow post-war (1945-80).
• Contextual
  Long-term deprivation in the same areas and families don’t move from where they live
  This means multiple generations suffer same deprivation

Younger, skilled workers were relocated to New Towns (out of Glasgow)

• Compositional
  Access to healthcare, services, healthy food, physical activity environments…

Question 8

8. (Extra) Are interventions to ‘improve’ health and wellbeing appropriate for all? (Tan 2013)

Answer 8

Bad Smoking:
The 2007 smoking ban is another example
Smoking has decreased (down from 26% in 16-24 yo to 17%), hospital admissions for asthma in children have dropped, 6802 fewer admissions in the first 3 years (Millett et al 2013)

Good Smoking:
Stigmatisation in public health messages = negative well being, shaming, conflation with low socioeconomic status
Social aspects of smoking? The pleasurable danger of drug use.

Also:
(Southworth, 2005) urban planning increase…
(Cozens and Hillier, 2008) High density, walkability, transport
(Veal, 2017) Dance for health

Rural vs urban