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1
Q

All methods of influencing government

A

Voting, consultations, lobbying government, petitions

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2
Q

Voting as a method of influencing government stats

A

+ eg. Convervative voted out in 2024
- unrepresentative eg. FPTP less small parties

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3
Q

Consultations stats

A

+ shows opinion eg. retirement age for lawyers
- for show eg. non-surgical cosmetic prosthetic procedures

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4
Q

Petitions stats

A

+ influential eg. Marcus Rashford free school meals 2020
- reject many eg. 2nd general election

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5
Q

Lobbying Government Stats

A

+ eg. TIE lobbied Scottish Government to include LGBT stuff in education
- ineffective eg. British Blind Society on online voting

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6
Q

All voting systems (FPTP) points

A

Strong bond between MP and constituency, less representation, simple

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7
Q

Strong MP-Consituency Bond Stats

A

+ impact eg. Jeremy Corbyn being re-elected for Islington North because people know him well after >20 years
- weak MP bad eg. Nadine Dorries who didn’t hold a meeting in constituency/ speak in parliament for a year

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8
Q

FPTP Less Representation Stats

A
  • 60% vote for a party, 40% of population unrepresented
    + majorities are strong eg. David Cameron with Brexit in 2016
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9
Q

FPTP Simplicity Stat

A

+ not like AMS, which meant almost 150,000 spoiled ballots when first implemented

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10
Q

All USA International Influence Points

A

International organizations, military, trade

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11
Q

USA International Organisations Stats

A

+ eg. part of UN HQ in NYC
+ Influence, major supporter of Israel giving strong foothold in the middle east
- Russia vetoeing intervention in Syria
- relations with Isreal also strained

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12
Q

USA Military Stats

A

+ Cold War won
+ NATO want US
- Taliban regained control in Afghanistan within 2 weeks 2021
- lost billions including 85 billion dollars worth of equipment

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13
Q

USA Trade Stats

A

+ 2nd largest exporter
+ Free Trade agreements eg. Chile and Canada
+ Apple and Amazon
- China trade tariff retaliation
- indebted to China

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14
Q

All USA Participation Points

A

Voting, candidacy, advocacy groups, direct action

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15
Q

USA Voting Stats

A

+ ballot initiatives eg. legalising cannabis Nebraska and Florida 2024, abortion votes
- electoral college representation
- hispanic voter ID (estimated 6.1% lack ID)

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16
Q

USA Candidacy Stats

A

+ diversity eg. Obama, Harris
- no spending cap like UK

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17
Q

USA Advocacy Groups Stats

A

+ eg. NRA supporting Trump 30million in 2016
- Planned Parenthood big pro-abortion group but supreme court ruling still against it

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18
Q

All Social Inequality Women Points

A

Fewer management positions, gender pay gap, care duties, risk of abuse

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19
Q

Women Management Positions Stats

A
  • eg. 42% FTSE board members, glass ceiling
    + improvement after 24.5% in 2017
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20
Q

Gender pay gap

A
  • 7% pay gap (2024) with more women doing 5Cs
    + equal pay act of 1970 means same roles paid equally, also <½ the 16.3% pay gap in 2000
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21
Q

Women doing Childcare/ care stats

A
  • eg. 75% part-time workforce women, part time = 2x poverty rate
    + gender pay gap for part-time work in favour of women by 3.3% (more women to be successful)
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22
Q

Women Risk of Abuse Stats

A
  • 84% of domestic abuse victims in UK courts are female, 95% of cases of domestic abuse involve economic abuse
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23
Q

All Causes of Inequality

A

Unemployment
Low pay
Disability
Gender

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24
Q

All Government Responses Points

A

UC, National Minimum Wage, higher education sco, MUP

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25
UC Stats
+ predicted to save 34 billion in the next decade - poverty persists - need for foodbanks up 128% 2016-2021
26
Higher education Scotland Stats
+ save students £9535 p.a. - poorly funding eg. St. Andrews 40% International Students
27
MUP Stats
+ target cheap vodka and cider eg. binge drinking from 21%- 15% from 2011-2022 - still 15-year high of deaths, 22.6/100,000, also more shoplifting
28
National Minimum Wage Stats
+ over 21 yr olds £11.44/ hour, good for women + BAME - living wage April 2025 £12.21​​​
29
National Minimum Wage Stats
+ over 21 yr olds £11.44/ hour, good for women + BAME - living wage April 2025 £12.21​​​
30
Unemployment Stats
+ 4.4% unemployment rate, up from 4.2% + 56% of workless households in poverty 2021/22 + CV gaps and other issues reinforce
31
Low pay stats
+ Employment not enough: 63% of households in poverty have adults in employment + Also £2.84 difference for under 21s, and risk of loss of benefits
32
Disability stats
+ 5.9% unemployment rate, also lower educational attainment and lower pay eg. retail/ call centre
33
All voting behaviour points
Class influences turnout Class historical influence Class disalignment Age Media
34
Class influence on turnout
+ 2024 AB: 67% vs DE: 45%
35
Class historical major influence
+ labour workers party, Conservative preserve wealth + class factor in Brexit even if not for traditional parties eg. 70% DE votes for leave vs 40% AB
36
However > class disalignment
- eg. More working class right wing: Reform UK up 650 seats in English council elections - recent election saw similar support for Labour throughout classes
37
Age impact on voting behaviour
- 2024 8% of 18-24 voted conservative, 36% of 70+ Also Brexit 73% 19-24 for remain, vs 40% of 65+
38
Media voting behavior influence
+ 72% (18-24) use social media vs 19% (65+) + TV (58%) also overtaken printed newspapers (14%) 2024 + 2018 survey 56% believed leaders debates significant factor
39
All USA race inequality points
Poverty Education Crime
40
USA crime in racial inequality
+ 32% Off the prison population are black, drug offences primary + survey in 2024, 65% of respondents agreed black people treated unfairly in the criminal justice system + disenfranchisement of African Americans approx 5%, compared to about 2% white - lower democrat vote
41
USA education in racial inequality
+ black Americans 9.2p.p less likely to have a degree than average + The wealthiest 10% of school districts have 10x greater spending than the poorest 10% - 24.8 of hispanics drop out of high school, as opposed to average of 8.9% average, language barrier - 59.2% of Asians have a degree
42
USA poverty in racial inequalities
+ 2024 unemployment rates: 4.1 for white people, 6. 1 for black people + median household income approx. $25,000 lower - growing black middle class, Ladera heights in LA dubbed black Beverly Hills - 52% overall middle/ upper-middle class
43
All USA checks on government
Executive orders Determine presidential budget Nominate supreme Court judges Commander in chief of military
44
Executive orders stats
+ Obama's DREAM bill, Trump pardons - strong over congress - can be tried by supreme court if unconstitutional - later presidents can revoke EOs eg. 33% of Trump's (2016-2020) EOs revoked by Biden
45
Determine presidential budget
+ Refusing Trump funding for Mexican border wall - shutdown when neither can agree, federal employees go without pay - Shutdown vs Obama on Affordable Care Act, congress gave in - Shutdown vs Trump on Mexico Wall, Trump gave in
46
Nominate supreme Court judges
+ Trump, 3 more conservative supreme court judges, overturning Roe vs Wade.  + SC judges have the job for life - Congress must agree eg. Merrick Garland not promoted, Obamas term would soon end
47
Commander-in-chief of military
+ deploy troops eg. Vietnam, Afghanistan - War can only be declared by Congress + War was not declared on Vietnam or Afghanistan - Congress could cut budget ​​​​​
48
Educational racial inequality between Districts
+ The wealthiest 10% of school districts have 10x greater spending than the poorest 10%
49
Us inequality for Hispanics Education
- 24.8 of hispanics drop out of high school, as opposed to average of 8.9% average, language barrier
50
Education inequality for Hispanics
- 24.8 of hispanics drop out of high school, as opposed to average of 8.9% average, language barrier
51
Stats for Black Americans Greater income equality
- growing black middle class, Ladera heights in LA dubbed black Beverly Hills - 52% overall middle/ upper-middle class
52
USA Direct Action Stats
+ BLM protests led local police reforms following George Floyd murder 2020 - suppression of peaceful June 1st protesters with tear gas, rubber bullets and flash bangs Contrast with January 6th
53
Brexit implications
Freedom of movement Trade Sovereignty
54
Freedom of movement brexit
Shortage of fruit pickers and HGV drivers Net £2,300/ person loss considering tax and spending By the end of 2022 non-EU migration up to 500,000
55
Brexit trade
Exports to EU dropped 18% by 2024 whilst others rose 15% Approx 14,000 small companies had to stop EU trading, due to admin and cost Many new trade deals copy old EU deals No free trade deal with US due to tarrifs but maybe some improvement
56
Brexit sovereignty
Scrapped over 1000 EU laws More control over laws cited by 68% voters
57
All causes of health inequalities
Poverty, alcohol, obesity
58
Poverty as a cause of health inequalities
Housing, diet, mental health, working conditions etc. Crime access to services 27p.p less likely to report good/ very good health 2021 Double risk of diabetes
59
Alcohol as a cause of health inequalities
£3.6billion per year in nhs/ law etc. 4x deaths in most deprived areas
60
Obesity as a cause of health inequalities
Most deprived areas 11p.p more likely to be obese Cause heart disease which is 2nd largest cause of death
61
Extra FPTP less representation stats
- less small parties 2019 lib dem. 11% vote but 1.7% seats - in AMS Scottish Greens won 7 MSPs contrast with Westminster where less
62
% of households in poverty working
63%

Modern Studies (4 decks)

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