Essential Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Question 1

Many amino acids are only found in plants and microorganisms are are called

Answer 1

Essential amino acids because mammals need to obtain them through diet

Question 2

Non-essential amino acids

Answer 2

Amino acids synthesized by mammals

** in image = semiessential (can produce but cant get enough of them)

Question 3

Essential AA acronym

Answer 3

Dont really need to know, but just look at anyways (wont be asked)

Question 4

Nitrogen Cycle Overview

Answer 4

Question 5

1 step of nitrogen cycle is

Answer 5

nitrogen fixation

Question 6

Name of organisms that can reduce N2 to NH3 (NH4+)

Answer 6

Diazotrophs

Question 7

Reduction of N2 to NH3 is called [ blank] and is catalyzed by [blank]

Answer 7

Nitrogen fixation and is catalyzed by nitrogenase complex

Question 8

T or F: Nitrogen fixation is costly

Answer 8

True because the triple-bonded N2 (bond energy of 940kJ/mol) is really difficult to reduce (16 ATP to produce to ammonia (NH3))

Question 9

Most plant, fungi and bacteria are able to use [blank] to generate ammonia (NH3)

Answer 9

Nitrate ions (NO3-) which is essential for most plant growth

Question 10

nitrogen assimilation

Answer 10

The process by which ammonia in plants and bacteria will be used to form organic nitrogen-containing molecules (eg. amino acids)

Question 11

Nitrogen assimilation is carried out by 2 pathways

Answer 11

1) Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH): production of glutamate
2) Glutamine synthetase-glutamine:2-oxoglutarate amido transferase pathway (GS-GOGAT): production of glutamine

Question 12

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) pathway

Answer 12

Conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate into glutamate (present in plants and bacteria)

Question 13

Glutamine synthetase-glutamine:2-oxoglutarate amido transferase pathway (GS-GOGAT)

Answer 13

Conversion of glutamate into glutamine and back to glutamate (present in plants and bacteria)

Question 14

GS-GOGAT: First step

Answer 14

Conversion of glutamate to glutamine catalyzed by glutamine synthetase and requires 1 ATP

Question 15

GS-GOGAT: Second Step

Answer 15

1 molecule of glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) generate 2 glutamate (transamination) and is catalyzed by glutamine:2-oxoglutarate amido transferase (GOGAT)

Question 16

GS-GOGAT: Second Step

Answer 16

1 molecule of glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) generate 2 glutamate (transamination) and is catalyzed by glutamine:2-oxoglutarate amido transferase (GOGAT)

Question 17

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 17

**Know starting point is ammonia assimilation produces amino acids