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MOD 1 > Essential micro-organisms > Flashcards

Essential micro-organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

How does Staphylococcus aureus look under a microscope?

A

gram-positive cocci in groups

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2
Q

Wat infections does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

Wound infection, boils, (bullous) impetigo, other skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), sepsis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis

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3
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Staphylococcus aureus infection?

A

skin infections, fever, heart murmur (when endocarditis) and toxic shock syndrome

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4
Q

What virulence factors does Staphylococcus aureus have?

A
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Adhesion proteins
  • Catalase (+), coagulase (+)
  • Toxins (superantigen, exfoliative toxin)
  • Biofilm formation

surface-binding proteins in early stages of infection

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5
Q

What host defense disorders give risk of Staphylococcus aureus infection?

A

impaired barrier function
granulocytopenia

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6
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • gram stain
  • catalase (+) and coagulase (+)
  • cultures needed for deep infections
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7
Q

How is Staphylococcus aureus infection treated?

A
  • superficial lesions resolve spontaneously
  • oxacillin
  • cephalosporins
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8
Q

How does Staphylococcus epidermidis look?

A

gram-positive cocci in groups

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9
Q

What infections does Staphylococcus epidermidis give?

A

infection of intravascular catheters and implanted protheses

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10
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Staphylococcus epidermidis infection?

A

Hospital-associated infection

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11
Q

What virulence factors does Staphylococcus epidermidis have?

A
  • adhesion proteins
  • biofilm formation
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12
Q

What host defense disorders give risk of Staphylococcus epidermidis infection?

A

impaired barrier function
granulocytopenia

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13
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A
  • gram stain
  • catalase (+) and coagulase (-)
  • blood culture
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14
Q

What is the treatment for Staphylococcus epidermidis infection?

A

Vancomycin

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15
Q

How does Streptococcus pyogenes look?

A

gram positive cocci in chains

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16
Q

What infections does Streptococcus pyogenes give?

A

tonsilitis, scarlet fever, otitis media, erysipelas

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17
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Streptococcus pyogenes infection?

A
  • Sore throat (acute inflammation), fever, malaise
  • Overlaps with viral pharyngitis
  • Toxic shock syndrome
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18
Q

What virulence factors does Streptococcus pyogenes have?

A
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Fimbriae (pili) - adhesion
  • Adhesion proteins (M protein)
  • Toxins (streptolysin, superantigen (TSS)
  • Enzymes
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19
Q

What host defense disorders give Streptococcus pyogenes infection risk?

A

impaired barrier function
granulocytopenia

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20
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Streptococcus pyogenes?

A
  • Gram stain
  • Catalase (-)
  • Throat culture
  • Blood culture (when systemic disease)
  • Serology
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21
Q

What is the treatment for Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

penecillin G
- in case of allergy macrolide or clindamycin

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22
Q

How does Streptococcus pneumoniae look?

A

gram-positive diplococci

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23
Q

What infections does Streptococcus pneumoniae give?

A

pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis

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24
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection?

A

fever, chills, cough, dysnpeu, pleuritic chest pain

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25
What virulence factors does Streptococcus pneumoniae have?
- capsule - enzymes destructing tissue - peptidoglycan aspiration of colonizing bacteria starts disease
26
What host defense disorders give risk of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?
impaired barrier function (cilia), spleen disorder, hypogammaglobulinemia
27
What diagnostic tests are used for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
gram stain, blood culture, antigen testing
28
What is the treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae infection?
penicillin g - altered transpeptidases decrease penicillin susceptibility
29
How does Haemophilus influenzae look?
gram-negative rods
30
What infections does Haemophilus influenzae give?
bronchitis, acute epiglottis, meningitis, arthritis
31
What is the clinical presentation of Haemophilus influenzae infection?
malaise, fever, sore throat, swelling in neck/stridor
32
What virulence factors does Haemophilus influenzae have?
- capsule - pili - adhesion proteins
33
What host defense disorders give Haemophilus influenzae infection risk?
hypogammaglobulinemia, spleen disorder, complement deficiency
34
What diagnostic tests are used for Haemophilus influenzae?
gram stain, sputum/blood culture
35
What is the treatment for Haemophilus influenzae infection?
- 3rd generation cephalosporin - amoxicillin
36
What is the clinical presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
fever, coughing, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptoe, lymphadenitis
37
How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause disease?
Inhaled droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli are deposited in the peripheral respiratory alveoli, then infection of macrophages. Granulomatous inflammation.
38
What host defense disorders give Mycobacterium tuberculosis risk?
impaired cellular immunity
39
What diagnostic tests are used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Ziehl-Neelsen staining, PCR, interferon gamma release assay, tuberculin skin test
40
How does Neisseria menigitidis look?
gram-negative diplococci
41
What is the clinical presentation of Neisseria menigitidis?
gives meningitis (duh) - fever, headache nuchal rigidity - petechiae - septic shock
42
How does Neisseria menigitidis cause disease?
Spread from the nasopharynx to produce bacteremia, endotoxemia and meningitis takes place too quickly for immunity to develop.
43
What virulence factors does Neisseria menigitidis have?
- capsule - pili - LPS
44
What host defense disorders give Neisseria menigitidis risk?
complement deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, spleen disorder
45
What diagnostic tests are used for Neisseria menigitidis?
gram stain, blood culture, CSF culture
46
What is the treatment for Neisseria menigitidis infection?
penecillin
47
How does Neisseria gonorrhoea look?
gram-negative diplococci
48
What infections does Neisseria gonorrhoea give?
gonorrhoea, urthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease
49
What is the clinical presentation of Neisseria gonorrhoea infection?
- urethral/vaginal/rectal and/or pharyngeal infections - skin rash - arthritis
50
What virulence factors does Neisseria gonorrhoea have?
- pili - adherence proteins - LPS - antigenic variation
51
What host defense disorders give risk of Neisseria gonorrhoea?
complement deficiency
52
What diagnostics tests are used for Neisseria gonorrhoea?
PCR on urethral scraping/ cervical swab
53
What is the treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoea infection?
- ceftriaxone - macrolide/doxycycline
54
How does Escherichia coli look?
gram-negative rods
55
What infections does Escherichia coli give?
- urinary tract infections (cystitis, pyelonephritis) - intestinal infections/ peritonitis
56
What is the clinical presentation of Escherichia coli infection?
- dysuria/oliguria - flank pain - abdominal symptoms (pain, diarrhea)
57
How does Escherichia coli cause disease?
Minor lesions can allow bacteria colonizing the peri-urethral area to ascend to the urinary bladder
58
What virulence factors does E. coli have?
- pili / adhesion factors - LPS - toxins: hemolysin, shiga toxin
59
What host defense disorders give risk of E. coli infection?
impaired barrier function (catheter), granulocytopenia
60
What diagnostic tests are used for E. coli?
gram stain, urine culture, blood culture
61
What is the treatment for E. coli infection?
depends on clinical presentation
62
How does Salmonella enterica look?
gram-negative rods
63
What is the clinical presentation of Salmonella enterica infection?
gives gastroenteritis - naussea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
64
How does Salmonella enterica cause disease?
Ingestion of bacteria; these pass the stomach and end up in the small bowel.
65
What virulence factors does Salmonella enterica have?
pili and endocytosis induced by m.o.
66
What diagnostic tests can be used for Salmonella enterica?
feces sample
67
What is the treatment for Salmonella enterica infection?
- no antibiotic treatment - fluid and electrolyte replacement
68
How does Salmonella typhi look?
gram-negative rods
69
What is the clinical presentation of Salmonella typhi infection?
causes typhoid fever - fever, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea
70
What virulence factors does Salmonella typhi have?
- capsule (Vi polysachharide) - LPS - intracellular survival - prevention of lysozyme fusion
71
What host defense disorders give Salmonella typhi risk?
lack of gastric acid, impaired T cell immunity
72
What diagnostic tests are used for Salmonella typhi?
blood culture, feces PCR
73
What is the treatment for Salmonella typhi infection?
- Fluid and electrolyte replacement - Cephalosporins - Ciprofloxacin (rising resistance)
74
How does Vibrio cholerae look?
gram-negative curved rods
75
What is the clinical presentation of Vibrio cholerae?
gives cholera - extreme watery diarrhea causes fluid loss - dehydration and electrolyte imbalance -> hypotension
76
What virulence factors does Vibrio cholerae have?
- Toxin (cholera enterotoxin) -> loss of water and potassium into the lumen - Pili - LPS
77
What host defense disorders give higher Vibrio cholerae risk?
lack of gastric acid
78
What diagnostic tests are used for Vibrio cholerae?
stool culture
79
What is the treatment for Vibrio cholerae infection?
- fluid and electrolyte replacement - macrolides/doxycycline
80
How does Campylobacter jejuni look?
gram-negative curved rods
81
What is the clinical presentation of Campylobacter jejuni infection?
gives gastroenteritis - abdominaal pain and fever, bloody diarrhea
82
How does Campylobacter jejuni cause disease?
Infection is established by oral ingestion (undercooked meat/chicken), followed by colonization of the intestinal mucosa
83
What virulence factors does Campylobacter jejuni have?
- flagella for adherence - LPS
84
What host defense disorders give Campylobacter jejuni risk?
hypogammaglobulinemia
85
What diagnostic tests are used for Campylobacter jejuni?
stool culture
86
What is the treatment for Campylobacter jejuni infection?
- not treated unless severe - macrolide

MOD 1 (1 decks)

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