Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Essential Note > Flashcards

Essential Note Flashcards

1
Q

water

A
  • reactant for photosynthesis
  • hydrolysis of complex food to simpler constituents in digestion
  • activates enzyme
    solvent or transport (gas exchange)
  • medium for chemical reaction
  • cooling agent
  • supporting agent, provide turgidity and buoyancy
  • lubricating agent, reduce friction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nitrogen

A

protein, nucleic acid, chlorophyll

pale yellow leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

magnesium

A

chlorophyll

pale yellow leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phoshorus

A

nucleic acid, ATP, membrane, protein

poor root growth, purple coloring in leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose: oxidized and release energy during respiration
affect water potential of blood and living cells
soluble, transported by bloodstream
from complex carbohydrates by condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose: transport form in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

polysaccharides

A

storage
starch: coils into helical from, highly compact in shape, good storage compound without using many space / branching structure, more ends where enzymes start hydrolysis // insoluble, does not affect water potential of cells

support
cellulose: strong mechanical strength

maintain shape of cell
cellulose: strong tensile strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

carbohydrates

A

forming glycoprotein and glycolipid: components of cell membrane as recognition site / receptor sites
metabolic intermediates (triose phosphate)
genetic material, directing protein synthesis (5-C sugar of DNA/RNA)
coenzymes (ribose in NAD, hydrogen carrier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lipids vs protein
similarities

A

source of energy
differential permeability of cell membrane
hormone, coordinate body activities
protection
growth
storage form in some plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lipid vs protein
source of energy

A

lipid
triglyceride / fatty acid broken down, enter Krebs cycle to yield ATP
high H:O ratio, readily oxidized

protein
amino acid broken down to carbon skeleton, enter Krebs cycle
consumed when carbohydrates and lipids are exhausted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
A

lipid
phospholipid moiety
transport of lipid soluble substances
selective permeability
cholesterol fluidity and stability of cell membrane

protein
channel protein
ATPase hydrolysis energy for active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A

lipid
progesterone
oestrogen

protein
insulin FSH LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A

lipid
adipose tissue shock absorber protect internal organ from mechanical damage
waterproof layer cuticle, skin

protein
keratin in nails
muscle movement escape from danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A

lipid
solvent for fat soluble vitamins
low heat conductivity heat insulator conserves body heat
storage fuel produce more energy per unit gram
rapid locomotion seed dispersal
electrical insulator myelin sheath increase rate of nerve impulse transmission

protein
enzyme speed up biochemical reaction
antibodies protection
haemogobin carries oxygen
chromosomes
fibrinogen blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

sex hormones sexual development
cell membrane growth by cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A

energy rich compound ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A

NAD hydrogen carrier
NADP -> NADPH reducing power in carbon fixation
coenzyme A activates acetyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A

DNA RNA
DNA genetic material genetic information nucleotide sequence protein synthesis
complementary base pairing stability DNA replication continuation of species
DNA transcribed to mRNA for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A

naked eye plant humans
light microscope membrane bound organelles prokaryotes eukaryotes
electron microscope higher resolution magnification virus
DNA sequencing nucleotide sequence phylogenetic relationship three domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A

low magnification focus specimen
centre of field of vision
nosepiece higher magnification
diaphragm adjust illumination
fine adjustment knob

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A

fluid: lateral movement of phospholipid molecule
mosaic: protein molecules interspersed among phopholipid molecules

compartmentalization
safeguard cell and organelle function
membrane integrity arrangement of phospholipids and proteins
boundary of individual cells

control exchange of material selective permeability
phospholipid bilayer embedment of proteins
phospholipid bilayer permeable to fat soluble substance
channel proteins small polar particles
carrier protein active transport
pores at nuclear membrane
small uncharged molecule diffuse freely
ATPase hydrolysis of ATP energy for active transport
phospholipid bilayer physical barrier for polar molecules
nutrient absorption at villi, ion absorption at roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A

membrane bound enzymatic reaction
enzyme
folding increase area
electron transport system cristae of mitochondria
photochemical reactions thylakoid of chloroplast

23
Q
A

stimuli recognition
glycoprotein glycolipid recognition site
insulin glucagon receptor
light receptor
antigen receptor
neurotransmitter receptors

24
Q
A

cell organelle identity
antigen on red blood cells

25
change shape of the cell phospholipid fluidity phagocytosis gland secretion synaptic vesicle release neurotransmitter fusion of membrane
26
insulation electrical resistance myelin sheath
27
cell wall / cell membrane non living / living rigid / elastic thicker / thinner completely permeable / selectively permeable x / specific receptor site
28
diffusion random movement of particle along concentration gradient gas exchange air sac osmosis net movement of water molecules high wp to low wp across differentially permeable membrane reabsorption of water active transport substance against concentration gradient consume energy carrier protein minerals root hair cells lower wp water absorption osmosis glucose, aa intestinal lumen
29
plasmolysis / haemolysis cell membrane detach from cell wall / burst rbc cell in hypertonic sol / cell in hypotonic sol wp cell>sol / cell
30
ethanol sink liquid turns red denser than ethanol dissolve lipid components of cell membrane pigment leak out
31
sucrose float and sink less dense wp
32
time conc volume temp pH environmental cond.
33
age sex body mass stage of growth lifestyle
34
cut from different parts damage during cut wash subjective judgement on colour intensity colourimeter
35
sample size repetition control randomly assign groups
36
anaerobic cell>soil no uptake x active transport x absorb against conc gradient cell
37
active transport oxygen respiration energy
38
different abundance of specific proteins conc of minerals different conc gradient different
39
replication of DNA synthesis of organelles grow in size synthesis of proteins -> chromosomes
40
crossing over exchange of genetic materials btw non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
41
mitosis meiosis nuclear division duplication of DNA movement of chromosomes along spindle fibres spindle formation 2 genetically identical daughter cells / 4 genetically different daughter cell 1 division, same chromosome no. / 2 divisions, half chromosome no. linear alignment at equator / homologous chromosomes pair up at 1st division chromosome -> chromatid / 1st division members of homologous chromosomes segregate x / crossing over between non sister chromatids during pairing of homologous chromosome -> new combination of alleles growth repair asexual reproduction / gamete formation, chromosome no. reduced to half, diploid no. can be restored after fertilization independent assortment of homologous chromosome, crossing over genetic variation
42
anabolic building up, energy needed catabolic breaking down, releasing energy
43
enzyme catalytic effect speed up reaction until eqm is reached specific usually catalyse one reaction only lock and key hypothesis reusable unchanged after reaction protein in nature denature at high temp, extreme pH
44
temp increase enzyme activity increase kinetic energy of reacting molecules increase more effective collisions rate of formation of enzyme subtrate complex increase denature active site alters cannot bind to substrate
45
extreme pH denature alter shape of active site cannot bind to substrate to form enzyme substrate complex
46
high conc more chance of collision rate decrease as conc decrease chance of collision decrease
47
high enzyme conc more active site available
48
water bath same temp results comparable eliminate effect of temperature difference on results ensure difference in result is caused by factor under investigation
49
hydrogen peroxide -> oxygen + water 2H2O2 -> O2 + 2H2O immerse paper disc oxygen produced trapped in paper disc buoyant effect > weight float
50
biological washing powder protease protein -> peptide lipase lipid -> fatty acid , glycerol simple soluble molecules, dissolve in water washed away contact lens cleaning agent breakdown protein dirts x bacteria meat tenderizer protease break down fibrous protein stone washed jeans cellulase digest cellulose fibres fruit juices cellulase digest cell walls higher yield more nutritious
51
speed up chemical reaction mass production catalyse specific process less undesired products artificial manipulation of rate temp / pH
52
enzymes sensitive to changes in temp / pH clean vessels avoid degradation / inhibitor
53

Biology (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions