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EST review Flashcards

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1
Q

James Chadwick

A

1932

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2
Q

Chadwick discovery

A

The neutron

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3
Q

Neutron was…

A

strong radiation, very energetic like alpha particles but NO CHARGE

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4
Q

Neutrons helped us understand…

A

why the nucleus doesn’t repel itself apart. Neutrons allow the Strong Nuclear Force to hold the protons in the nucleus together.

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5
Q

Simplified atomic model

A

=>Sphere (nucleus): Element symbol, # of p+, # of n0

=> Electron shells as semi circles, # of e- written underneath each one

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6
Q

Atomic #

A

of p+

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7
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

Average of isotopes, mass of one mol of that element (1 mol= # of atoms in 12g of carbon-12)

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8
Q

Mass number

A

whole number mass of an isotope, shows # of p+ and n0

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9
Q

number of n0 =

A

mass number - atomic number

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10
Q

AEZ notation

A

A: mass number (p+ & n0)
E : element symbol
Z: atomic # (p+)

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11
Q

What type of average is the average atomic mass?

A

Weighted average

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12
Q

Periodicity of properties/ periodic trends: 5

A
  1. Reactivity
  2. Density
  3. Atomic Radius
  4. Electronegativity
  5. First ionization energy
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13
Q

Reactivity

A

increases left and down metals, right and up for nonmetals (Francium and Fluorine are the most reactive)

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14
Q

Atomic radius

A

Francium largest: more protons = smaller radius, more shells = larger radius

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15
Q

Electronegativity

A

Likelihood to accept electrons from another atom

Fluorine most, it wants to gain an e- to reach a full valence shell (octet rule) and it has few shells and few electrons compared to lower down elements so the nucleus holds on the the electrons more.

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16
Q

First ionization energy

A

Same as electronegativity, since it wants to hold on so bad and even get more e-, it will take a lot of energy to remove electrons.

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17
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

c

Energy (J) that it takes to raise the temp of one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius

J/g°C

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18
Q

Specific heat capacity of water

A

4.18 J/g°C

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19
Q

Specific heat capacity of most metals

A

under 0.5 J/g°C

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20
Q

Heat calculation formula

A

Q=mcΔT

Q = heat (J)

m = mass (g)

T = temp (°C)

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21
Q

ΔT formula

A

T final - T initial

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22
Q

Q gained =

A

= - Q lost

(Don’t forget to distribute the negative!!!!)

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23
Q

E potential = mgh

A

E = energy in JOULES

m = mass in KILOGRAMS

g = gravitational field intensity in m/s2 or N/kg

h = height in METERS

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24
Q

E kinetic = 1/2 m(v squared)

A

E = energy in JOULES

m = mass in KILOGRAMS

v = velocity/speed in m/s

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25
km/h to m/s
1 m/s **times 3.6** = 1 km/h 1 km/h **divided by 3.6** = 1m/s You could always dimensional analysis it or prove it some other way
26
E mechanical =
= E potential + E kinetic = mgh + 1/2 m(v squared) stays CONSTANT
27
% energy efficiency =
energy useful / energy used times 100%
28
Force is
an action that can change the motion of an object or deform it by pushing or pulling on it
29
Forces are measured in...
Newtons (N) 1 N = 1 kg * 1 m/s2
30
F =
ma m = mass in **KILOGRAMS** a = acceleration in **METERS PER SECOND SQUARED**
31
Mass vs Weight
Weight changes on earth vs the moon, mass does not
32
Energy is
the ability to effect change
33
Work is
a change in energy
34
How to find # of e- in 1 Coulomb using the charge of one e-
1 ÷ charge of one e-
35
Electrical field drawings:
OUT of the the positive and INTO the negative or OUT of the north and INTO the south
36
Fe = kq1q2 /r2
Fe (N) k (Nm2/C2) q (C) r (**METERS**)
37
4 bands on a resistor
band 1: 1st digit band 2: 2nd digit band 3: multiplier (10^that number) band 4: % tolerance
38
Ammeters are
in series
39
voltmeters are
in parallel
40
Ferromagnetism
metals, no active current
41
Which metals can become permanent OR temporary magnets?
Metal which are OR ALLOYS containing Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) or Nickel (Ni)
42
How do magnets become permanent magnets?
Domain theory, metal is heated up and subjected to a strong magnet, then cooled and the domains stay that way.
43
Rare earth magnets
Neodymium (Nd2**Fe**14B)
44
Can a north pole or south pole exist by itself?
NO If you break a magnet in two, you'll have two magnets with a north and south pole
45
The ability of a material (it's domains) to align itself with a magnetic field is called:
magnetic remanence
46
A fridge has ______ magnetic remanence
low
47
A whiteboard has _____ magnetic remanence
low
48
A permanent magnet has _____ magnetic remanence
high
49
______ magnetic remanence means that the metal has DIFFICULTY aligning it's domains with a magnetic field
high
50
______ magnetic remanence means that the material gains and loses alignment EASILY
low
51
Natural magnets
have been magnetized over time by the earth's weak magnetic field
52
most common way to make an electromagnet:
solenoid
53
How to strengthen a solenoid: 3
1. Add a metal core with LOW magnetic remanence 2. Increasing the current 3. Increasing the # of loops
54
What are the GHG? 5
1. Methane (CH4) 2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 3. Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) 4. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 5. Water (H2O)
55
High albedo surfaces
reflect most of the sunlight
56
low albedo surfaces
absorb most of the sunlight
57
"start" of global warming
industrial revolution
58
Value of acceptable manufacturing error in size
Dimensional tolerance
59
3 steps to manufacturing smt
1. measuring and laying out 2. machining 3. assembling and finishing
60
Types of machining
cutting, drilling, bending, *tapping and threading*
61
Adhesion
the phenomenon by which two surfaces tend to stay in contact without slipping
62
Friction
is a force that resists the slipping of one moving part over another
63
Lubrication
is the mechanical function performed by any component that reduces friction between two parts
64
degrees of freedom
not degrees like 360, but max six, x y or z, translational or rotational *Ask Mr Clair if it's two if it's one axis translational and rotational, but I think yes Written Rx, Tx, Ry, Ty, Rz, Tz
65
Rotation about an axis
z= yaw x= roll y= pitch
66
Electric devices vs electronic devices
electric: AC current, no semiconductors, motor, lightbulb, etc... electronics: smart, DC current
67
Piezoelectric crystal
compressed and decompressed, some sort of AC current, *Do we need to know this????*
68
Chadwick's model
simplified atomic model
69
Isotope
Diff atoms w/ same # of protons and diff # of neutrons They have different mass numbers
70
Avogadro's number comes from
The number of atoms in twelve grams of carbon-12
71
Molar mass of carbon-12
12g/mol
72
amu
atomic mass unit
73
ionic bonds
chemical bonds formed through electrostatic attraction between to oppositely charged ions
74
ionic bonds form (5)
1. neutral compounds 2. electrolytes 3. crystals/salts 4. `not` molecules 5. form...ed between a metal and a nonmetal
75
Shorter wavelength means ______ energy
higher
76
Longer wavelength means ________ energy
lower
77
Covalent bonds
When two atoms share electrons => molecule **Double bond** is when an atom shares two electrons and the other atom shares two electrons => **not to be confused with two single bonds**
78
cation and anion
cation = pawsitive anion = negative
79
polarity
more electronegative one gets a partial negative charge (lowercase delta plus charge) draw arrow from positive to negative with a cross at base of arrow
80
numbering for chemical nomenclature ionic or covalent
covalent
81
chemical nomenclature numbers 1-10
1. mono 2. di 3. tri 4. tetra 5. penta 6. hexa 7. hepta 8. octa 9. nona 10. deca
82
CH3COO
acetate, charge 1-
83
HCO3
bicarbonate, charge 1-
84
Carbonate
CO3, charge 2-
85
OH-
Hydroxide
86
Nitrite charge
NO2, charge 1-
87
Sulphate
SO4, charge 2-
88
NH4
ammonium, 1+
89
Chromate
CrO4, charge 2-
90
NO3
Nitrate, charge 1-
91
phosphate
PO4, charge 3-
92
SO3
Sulph**ite**, charge 2-
93
CN
Cyanide, 1-
94
Chlorine prefixes and suffixes
ine ide hypo---ite ite ate per --ate
95
stoichiometry is
the study of of the quantities of reactants required for a reaction to occur
96
Strength of electrolytes depends on
% dissociation High percent = strong low percent = weak
97
Acid vs base
acid releases H+ Base releases OH-
98
Conjugate acid is
the result of a base accepting an H+
99
conjugate base is
the result of an acid donating an H+
100
Concentration of h+ formula
[H3O+]=10^`-`pH
101
2 types of chemical reactions
exothermic & endothermic
102
energy is release by bonds forming or breaking?
forming
103
energy is required to break bonds or form bonds
break
104
A _____ stable compound is higher in energy
less
105
A more stable compound is _____ in energy
lower
106
When less stable compounds break to form more stable compounds, energy is ______.
released
107
108
5 indications of a reaction
1. Heat change 2. Light emitted 3. Bubbles 4. Change in physical properties (i.e. colour, melting point, etc...) 5. precipitation
109
Net ionic
ion that precipitated (aq) + ion it precipitated with (aq) => compound (s)
110
Complete ionic
All ions (aq)=> ions (aq) + compound (s) *if applicable*
111
C1V1=C2V2
When you're adding more solvent or removing solvent & trying to find out the new concentration
112
X & y axis labels of energy graph
y = energy x= progress of reaction
113
E=P(t)
E= **kW/h** P= **kW** t= **h** OR E=**J** P=**W** t=**s**

Science 10 (3 decks)

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