ETA 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
What are the 3 components of the HPA axis?
- Hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary
- Adrenal glands
What are factors (re: clotting cascade)?
Proteases or co-factors needed to activate the next step in the cascade
How does protein C halt the clotting cascade?
Breaks down factors 5a and 8a
What causes Graves’ disease?
Autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptors
Which reducing agent is necessary for glutathione (GSH) regeneration?
NADPH
What is the inactive form of fibrin?
Fibrinogen

What is fibrinolysis?
Breakdown of blood clots

Which hormone stimulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin
Which factor activates fibrin from fibrinogen?
Thrombin

What is the total number of factors in the clotting cascade?
26 (13 x 2)
What causes Hashimoto’s disease?
Autoimmune destruction of TSH receptors
What is the function of SDS-PAGE (a.k.a. protein electrophoresis)?
Separate protein fragments by size
Compare atheroma and thrombosis.
Atheroma: fatty, degenerative material narrowing artery walls by accumulating in the endothelium; may cause thrombosis by rupturing it
Thrombosis: formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel; may result from an accumulation of atheroma rupturing the endothelium
Compare the roles of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in defence against oxidation.
SOD: converts superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
Catalase: converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water
In addition to BMI, list 3 measurements a dietician might perform.
- Skin fold thickness
- Waist-to-hip ratio
- Upper arm circumference
What is the function of mass spectrometry?
Separate particles by mass-to-charge ratio
What is the role of tPA?
Convert plasminogen to plasmin

What are the 2 hormones produced by the posterior pituitary? (Hint: All Others.)
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Oxytocin
What is the function of the extrinsic pathway?
Regulate clotting in tissue that has undergone trauma
Define ketosis.
A state in which the body breaks down fat for food instead of glucose, producing ketone bodies
What does elevated blood creatinine indicate?
Kidney malfunction
How is metformin metabolised?
Is it NOT
Note: it is secreted in its current form
How does DNA gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments by size?
- DNA (-ve) is placed on a charged slide
- Migrates toward cathode
- Smaller fragments migrate faster
What is the most consistent biochemical abnormality in Addison’s disease?
Low Na+ (caused by lack of aldosterone due to damaged adrenal gland)













